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and liftoff as the countdown to mars

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continues the perseverance of humanity

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launching the next generation of robotic

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so

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nasa's mars perseverance rover left

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earth six months ago now we are gearing

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up for touchdown on the red planet in

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just a few weeks

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the rover will attempt to land in

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jezreel crater on february 18th it's the

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most difficult landing site on mars ever

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attempted but the perseverance rover and

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the team are ready welcome to nasa's jet

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propulsion laboratory in southern

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california i'm required

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today we are here to talk about

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perseverance's mission we will go over

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the challenges the team has faced and

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the challenging landing ahead we will

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also talk about the mission science

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goals and how perseverance fits into

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nasa's future plans for mars sample

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return

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on our panel today are

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nasa associate administrator thomas

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zurbukin

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nasa planetary science division director

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lori glaze

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perseverance deputy project manager matt

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wallace

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entry descent and landing phase lead al

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chen

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perseverance project scientist ken

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farley

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perseverance science team member briny

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horgan

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for anyone watching who'd like to submit

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a question you can do so by using the

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countdown to mars hashtag

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our phone lines are now open to the

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media you can ask a question by pressing

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star one

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i'd like to start by welcoming thomas

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hey thanks so much

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i'm so pleased to be here today as the

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perseverance rower makes the final

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kilometers on its long journey to mars

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and the landing on february 18th

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i want to note for a moment the place

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where we find ourselves

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a place where a mission to mars

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and what all of us do in science and

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exploration provide hope

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and unity

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vice president harris said

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even in dark times

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we not only dream we do

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we don't only see what has been

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we see what can be

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we shoot for the moon and then we plant

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our flag on it

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we are bold

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fearless and ambitious end of quote

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at the request of the new administration

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our rock from the apollo 17 mission was

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delivered to the white house on loan on

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display in the

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office

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a recognition of the bold fearless

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ambitions and accomplishments of earlier

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generations and the symbol

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of the new administration's support from

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america's current moon to mars

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exploration approach

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and perseverance is at the forefront of

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that work

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as our cosmic neighbor and as a

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destination mars continues to captivate

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our imagination both

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scientists and as explorers and it seems

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every time we learn something new

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we uncover more questions

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we know that mars had a bad past

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and we used our spirit and opportunity

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rovers to follow the water in search of

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answers

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as to why this once ocean world is now

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dry and desolate

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following those missions came our

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curiosity rover which landed on mars in

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2012 and is still operating today and

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constantly sending back data about the

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complex chemical composition and history

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of mars

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we have additional missions in

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development and formulation but the mars

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2020 perseverance rover is the next step

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in a logical progression that nasa has

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strategically pursued with mars

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exploration and it builds upon decades

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of knowledge

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experience and unique expertise

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perseverance is our robotic

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astrobiologist

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and it will be the first rover nasa has

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sent to mars with the explicit goal of

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searching for signs of ancient life it

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will build upon

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what we currently know from our previous

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rovers orbiters and landers and it will

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attempt to answer an age-old question

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that has eluded humanities for

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generation

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whether life has ever existed

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elsewhere beyond our own planet

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our earth

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perseverance also will help enable human

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exploration of the planet in the coming

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years as it demonstrates new and more

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precise entry descendant landing

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technologies

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the moxie instrument will show us how to

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produce oxygen on the martian surface

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from the atmosphere and many other

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aspects of our science instruments will

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inform the

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future journey of astronauts there

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our rover also carries the ingenuity

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helicopter which will be the first

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aircraft to attempt controlled flight on

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another planet a true extraterrestrial

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wright brothers moment

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the rover exemplifies the spirit of

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exploration as it pulls on science

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technology and human exploration to work

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to advance our goals in many areas

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and perseverance by its very name

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describes the human spirit that gets us

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there

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landing on mars is hard enough

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and while we are all eagerly awaiting

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the next

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the today next months when perseverance

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safely lands on the red planet it is not

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guaranteed that we will be

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successful it's very hard

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while we hope that the situation on our

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world with respect to chloe would have

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improved since launch it has not and

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that has meant that we've needed to be

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flexible and adapt to keep working

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safely and effectively

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regardless of everything that has

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happened due to cloed it is the constant

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innovation dedication above else unity

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of this team that has allowed work on

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the perseverance rover to continue in a

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safe manner

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and now the world can join us once again

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as we attempt to do

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one of the hardest things ever done by

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humanity and certainly in space science

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success does not come easily and it's

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only due to the efforts of this team

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that we are here today to talk about

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this next step in mars exploration

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planetary science you'll hear my

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colleagues on this panel talk about the

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difficulties of landing the technologies

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that make it possible and the hope a

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successful landing brings for finally

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bringing a sample of mars home to earth

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but the journey of perseverance also

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begins with a successful touchdown it

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only begins that way in fact then the

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hard work and the long-term perseverance

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really starts that's because

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perseverance is also the first step

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in our round trip mission to mars

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our roar begins an ambitious

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international campaign with european

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space agency to bring pristine samples

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from mars safely back to earth

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through our mars sample return campaign

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which you'll hear my colleague dr laurie

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glace speak about in more detail

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at nasa we are dedicated to the peaceful

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exploration of space for the benefit of

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humanity and we are dedicated to

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inspiring the next generation of

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explorers

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science has the power to unite us

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as it transcends language

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borders and many boundaries of many

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types

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this mission could not have a better

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name perseverance

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and it is my sincere hope that this

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mission will inspire all of us all of

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you to persevere together in hopes of a

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better tomorrow

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now i'll turn it over to dr laurie glaze

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director of the planetary science

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division to tell you more

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about why we want a sample of mars and

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how we'll get it done lori

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thank you thomas

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i am thrilled to be here today as our

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countdown to mars winds down from months

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to just weeks

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perseverance is closing in on the red

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planet and our team is preparing for her

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to touch down at jezreel crater

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after an incredibly challenging year

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filled with high stakes on a world stage

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of uncertainty

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i am so proud of the men and women

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across all of nasa

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their focus dedication and resolve never

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once wavered

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they are the epitome of perseverance and

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they are the heart of perseverance

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this epic mission that exemplifies

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nasa's vision for science to lead a

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globally interconnected program of

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discovery

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that encourages innovation positively

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impacts people's lives and is a source

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of inspiration

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as the next bold step in our mars

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exploration program perseverance is the

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most advanced mission humans have ever

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sent to the red planet's surface

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to say we're pumped about it well that

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would be a huge understatement

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one of perseverance's primary objectives

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supports the field of astrobiology

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which is the study of how life comes to

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be the environments that can support

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life and the search to see if life

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exists anywhere else beyond earth

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perseverance is the very first rover

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designed to seek signs of past microbial

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life by collecting and caching rock and

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soil samples that will be returned to

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earth by future missions

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her robust set of advanced instruments

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will also look for evidence of ancient

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habitable environments and monitor

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environmental conditions all of which

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are paramount to increasing our

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understanding of how to protect

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future human explorers

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mars is a keeper of deep scientific

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secrets which the rover will help unlock

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by studying the ancient record preserved

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in the layers of rock on the planet's

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surface

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scientists will be looking for rocks

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that may have formed in water possibly

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preserving evidence of the chemical

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building blocks of life

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for generations scientists have wanted a

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sample of mars to study

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while we do have martian meteorites here

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on earth it's much different than having

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samples of mars rocks and soil that are

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pristine and that we know exactly where

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they came from

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samples from mars had the potential to

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profoundly change our understanding of

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the origin evolution and distribution of

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life on earth and elsewhere in the solar

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system even now nasa continues to study

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moon samples returned by the apollo

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program more than 50 years ago

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we expect samples of mars to provide new

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knowledge for decades to come as we

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study them with state-of-the-art

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laboratory tools we couldn't possibly

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carry to mars right now

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we may even see a sample of mars

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displayed in the oval office one day but

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first we need to bring the samples back

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to earth

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00:13:07,350 --> 00:13:04,399
the plans for mars sample return are

287
00:13:09,110 --> 00:13:07,360
multi-faceted and complex but it's

288
00:13:11,509 --> 00:13:09,120
exciting how our technologies have

289
00:13:15,269 --> 00:13:11,519
matured bringing us to this point where

290
00:13:17,269 --> 00:13:15,279
we can now attempt this amazing feat

291
00:13:19,829 --> 00:13:17,279
to be certain we are ready nasa

292
00:13:21,910 --> 00:13:19,839
initiated an independent review board to

293
00:13:24,150 --> 00:13:21,920
determine if this long-awaited mission

294
00:13:26,870 --> 00:13:24,160
is positioned for success

295
00:13:28,790 --> 00:13:26,880
the board concluded that nasa is indeed

296
00:13:30,710 --> 00:13:28,800
prepared for the campaign

297
00:13:33,190 --> 00:13:30,720
building on decades of scientific

298
00:13:35,350 --> 00:13:33,200
advancements and technical progress in

299
00:13:38,389 --> 00:13:35,360
mars exploration

300
00:13:39,750 --> 00:13:38,399
this historic endeavor demands multiple

301
00:13:41,189 --> 00:13:39,760
spacecraft

302
00:13:44,230 --> 00:13:41,199
and our partnership with the european

303
00:13:47,030 --> 00:13:44,240
space agency working together with a

304
00:13:49,590 --> 00:13:47,040
carefully orchestrated approach

305
00:13:50,550 --> 00:13:49,600
let me show you how

306
00:13:53,269 --> 00:13:50,560
first

307
00:13:55,829 --> 00:13:53,279
perseverance will drill and prepare

308
00:13:57,430 --> 00:13:55,839
samples for return and cash them on the

309
00:14:00,550 --> 00:13:57,440
surface of mars

310
00:14:02,389 --> 00:14:00,560
in 2026 a fetch rover will be launched

311
00:14:05,189 --> 00:14:02,399
to collect those samples and bring them

312
00:14:07,430 --> 00:14:05,199
to a rocket that will launch them into

313
00:14:09,750 --> 00:14:07,440
orbit around mars

314
00:14:12,310 --> 00:14:09,760
another orbiter will rendezvous and

315
00:14:13,829 --> 00:14:12,320
capture those samples for safe delivery

316
00:14:16,629 --> 00:14:13,839
to earth

317
00:14:19,430 --> 00:14:16,639
if it sounds complicated it is

318
00:14:20,150 --> 00:14:19,440
if it sounds extreme it most certainly

319
00:14:25,189 --> 00:14:20,160
is

320
00:14:26,790 --> 00:14:25,199
help us prepare for human exploration

321
00:14:28,870 --> 00:14:26,800
things like the precision landing

322
00:14:31,030 --> 00:14:28,880
technology capability to launch the

323
00:14:32,550 --> 00:14:31,040
first rocket from the martian surface

324
00:14:35,110 --> 00:14:32,560
and being able to assess soil

325
00:14:37,189 --> 00:14:35,120
characteristics and toxicity are all

326
00:14:40,389 --> 00:14:37,199
essential to paving the way for the

327
00:14:42,470 --> 00:14:40,399
health and safety of our human explorers

328
00:14:44,790 --> 00:14:42,480
the technology to return the samples

329
00:14:46,710 --> 00:14:44,800
that perseverance collects is maturing

330
00:14:48,710 --> 00:14:46,720
but nasa's investments in developing

331
00:14:50,790 --> 00:14:48,720
autonomous robots and landing large

332
00:14:52,870 --> 00:14:50,800
payloads on mars have laid the

333
00:14:54,870 --> 00:14:52,880
groundwork for a successful sample

334
00:14:56,870 --> 00:14:54,880
return campaign

335
00:14:58,949 --> 00:14:56,880
we are so thrilled to be working with

336
00:15:01,750 --> 00:14:58,959
esa on mars sample return and with

337
00:15:03,910 --> 00:15:01,760
partners from spain norway and france on

338
00:15:07,590 --> 00:15:03,920
perseverance science as we take our next

339
00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:07,600
steps in exploring the solar system

340
00:15:11,750 --> 00:15:09,600
it's taken a lot of work and there is

341
00:15:13,430 --> 00:15:11,760
much more work to do but if there's one

342
00:15:15,189 --> 00:15:13,440
thing the perseverance engineers and

343
00:15:18,230 --> 00:15:15,199
scientists have proven is

344
00:15:20,230 --> 00:15:18,240
there's just no i in team

345
00:15:21,990 --> 00:15:20,240
i'll throw things back over to jpl where

346
00:15:25,269 --> 00:15:22,000
matt wallace will talk about his team

347
00:15:27,430 --> 00:15:25,279
and give a project overview

348
00:15:29,430 --> 00:15:27,440
thank you very much lori uh thank both

349
00:15:31,990 --> 00:15:29,440
you and and thomas for your kind words

350
00:15:35,110 --> 00:15:32,000
about the team first of all i've worked

351
00:15:36,710 --> 00:15:35,120
on every mars rover mission this is my

352
00:15:38,870 --> 00:15:36,720
fifth one

353
00:15:40,710 --> 00:15:38,880
and uh perseverance is different in many

354
00:15:43,430 --> 00:15:40,720
important ways i want to touch on some

355
00:15:45,509 --> 00:15:43,440
of those for you to start this off

356
00:15:47,910 --> 00:15:45,519
first of all this is the biggest vehicle

357
00:15:50,790 --> 00:15:47,920
we've ever attempted to land on mars it

358
00:15:52,870 --> 00:15:50,800
weighs in at over a metric ton

359
00:15:55,269 --> 00:15:52,880
and it is carrying

360
00:15:58,790 --> 00:15:55,279
50 percent more science and technology

361
00:16:02,790 --> 00:15:58,800
payload than uh curiosity its closest

362
00:16:04,230 --> 00:16:02,800
relative which landed in 2012.

363
00:16:07,670 --> 00:16:04,240
there are a number of new landing

364
00:16:09,590 --> 00:16:07,680
technologies on this vehicle which uh al

365
00:16:10,629 --> 00:16:09,600
chen my teammate here will talk about

366
00:16:12,310 --> 00:16:10,639
shortly

367
00:16:14,389 --> 00:16:12,320
but these technologies have been

368
00:16:16,629 --> 00:16:14,399
critical in allowing us to send this

369
00:16:19,030 --> 00:16:16,639
vehicle in the jezreel crater

370
00:16:21,910 --> 00:16:19,040
a scientifically important location but

371
00:16:23,430 --> 00:16:21,920
also a difficult place to land on mars

372
00:16:25,910 --> 00:16:23,440
and a site that was considered on

373
00:16:30,310 --> 00:16:25,920
previous missions but rejected we can

374
00:16:35,269 --> 00:16:32,629
we're carrying really an exquisitely

375
00:16:37,189 --> 00:16:35,279
complex and sophisticated set of new

376
00:16:39,030 --> 00:16:37,199
instruments to the surface of mars for

377
00:16:40,710 --> 00:16:39,040
the first time

378
00:16:42,629 --> 00:16:40,720
these are the instruments which our

379
00:16:44,310 --> 00:16:42,639
project scientist ken farley will tell

380
00:16:46,069 --> 00:16:44,320
you more about

381
00:16:48,790 --> 00:16:46,079
but they're going to allow us to do the

382
00:16:50,550 --> 00:16:48,800
best job we can to understand that

383
00:16:52,949 --> 00:16:50,560
environment we land on

384
00:16:55,030 --> 00:16:52,959
and to pick the best samples very

385
00:16:55,829 --> 00:16:55,040
limited number of samples that can come

386
00:16:56,710 --> 00:16:55,839
back

387
00:16:58,949 --> 00:16:56,720
on that

388
00:17:03,509 --> 00:16:58,959
mars sample return mission which laurie

389
00:17:08,069 --> 00:17:05,510
we've also built uh

390
00:17:10,390 --> 00:17:08,079
probably the most complex complex

391
00:17:12,309 --> 00:17:10,400
mechanized system that we've ever done

392
00:17:14,150 --> 00:17:12,319
in the mars program and that's that's

393
00:17:15,750 --> 00:17:14,160
probably saying something because we've

394
00:17:17,029 --> 00:17:15,760
we've taken on some big challenges

395
00:17:20,069 --> 00:17:17,039
before

396
00:17:22,630 --> 00:17:20,079
but our sampling and caching system

397
00:17:25,510 --> 00:17:22,640
is uh the the the hardware that we'll

398
00:17:28,549 --> 00:17:25,520
use to collect those samples

399
00:17:30,630 --> 00:17:28,559
it's also extremely clean to ensure that

400
00:17:32,950 --> 00:17:30,640
we don't have any terrestrial

401
00:17:34,630 --> 00:17:32,960
contamination riding along with us when

402
00:17:39,029 --> 00:17:34,640
we collect those samples and we bring

403
00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:42,630
we've added a lot of surface autonomy

404
00:17:47,750 --> 00:17:45,760
a lot of new ai if you will

405
00:17:50,710 --> 00:17:47,760
to this vehicle so that we can complete

406
00:17:53,510 --> 00:17:50,720
this mission on the surface

407
00:17:56,230 --> 00:17:53,520
all of our mars rovers are kind of

408
00:17:58,150 --> 00:17:56,240
self-driving cars to some degree

409
00:17:59,830 --> 00:17:58,160
but perseverance is going to drive three

410
00:18:02,950 --> 00:17:59,840
times faster

411
00:18:05,110 --> 00:18:02,960
than any previous mars rover so that it

412
00:18:05,990 --> 00:18:05,120
can get that job done that we talked

413
00:18:08,950 --> 00:18:06,000
about

414
00:18:12,390 --> 00:18:08,960
in an expeditious and efficient fashion

415
00:18:16,870 --> 00:18:15,190
finally perseverance is really leaning

416
00:18:19,190 --> 00:18:16,880
forward uh

417
00:18:22,070 --> 00:18:19,200
in my mind more than any of these other

418
00:18:24,390 --> 00:18:22,080
vehicles which we've sent to mars

419
00:18:26,710 --> 00:18:24,400
you know in the 1960s right here at this

420
00:18:28,710 --> 00:18:26,720
facility at jpl in fact in the same

421
00:18:30,789 --> 00:18:28,720
clean room

422
00:18:32,630 --> 00:18:30,799
that were where we assembled and tested

423
00:18:34,870 --> 00:18:32,640
perseverance which you just saw in that

424
00:18:37,190 --> 00:18:34,880
clip

425
00:18:39,430 --> 00:18:37,200
we built missions called ranger and

426
00:18:41,270 --> 00:18:39,440
surveyor they were the precursor

427
00:18:43,270 --> 00:18:41,280
missions to the moon

428
00:18:45,350 --> 00:18:43,280
there are human precursor missions for

429
00:18:47,590 --> 00:18:45,360
the apollo astronauts

430
00:18:49,909 --> 00:18:47,600
and in many ways

431
00:18:51,510 --> 00:18:49,919
perseverance serves that purpose for

432
00:18:53,029 --> 00:18:51,520
mars

433
00:18:55,029 --> 00:18:53,039
as i mentioned we're carrying a lot of

434
00:18:58,070 --> 00:18:55,039
new landing technology which will feed

435
00:19:01,190 --> 00:18:58,080
forward into that activity we have more

436
00:19:04,789 --> 00:19:01,200
surface intelligence again more autonomy

437
00:19:06,870 --> 00:19:04,799
that's a feed forward technology as well

438
00:19:09,110 --> 00:19:06,880
we're carrying a suite of ruggedized

439
00:19:10,150 --> 00:19:09,120
commercial high definition video cameras

440
00:19:11,350 --> 00:19:10,160
we're going to be able to watch

441
00:19:13,110 --> 00:19:11,360
ourselves

442
00:19:14,150 --> 00:19:13,120
for the first time land on another

443
00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:14,160
planet

444
00:19:17,590 --> 00:19:15,840
we're carrying microphones to the

445
00:19:19,669 --> 00:19:17,600
surface of mars this will be the first

446
00:19:22,070 --> 00:19:19,679
time we've been able to put that human

447
00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:22,080
sensory capability

448
00:19:26,230 --> 00:19:24,880
on the surface and and uh and see what

449
00:19:27,909 --> 00:19:26,240
we get

450
00:19:29,750 --> 00:19:27,919
well those are very exciting we have a

451
00:19:30,789 --> 00:19:29,760
weather station which will tell us a lot

452
00:19:32,789 --> 00:19:30,799
about

453
00:19:35,190 --> 00:19:32,799
the dust and the radiation and the

454
00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:35,200
weather environment that astronauts

455
00:19:41,350 --> 00:19:38,480
would need to understand and survive for

456
00:19:42,470 --> 00:19:41,360
future for future human exploration as

457
00:19:44,549 --> 00:19:42,480
well

458
00:19:46,950 --> 00:19:44,559
and so this is a mission that's

459
00:19:48,390 --> 00:19:46,960
certainly leaning forward and i want to

460
00:19:50,950 --> 00:19:48,400
show you one of those technology

461
00:19:52,549 --> 00:19:50,960
experiments if you want to run the clip

462
00:19:55,270 --> 00:19:52,559
this is a

463
00:19:58,470 --> 00:19:55,280
a picture of the

464
00:20:01,110 --> 00:19:58,480
moxie experiment getting integrated into

465
00:20:03,830 --> 00:20:01,120
the rover the rover's upside down

466
00:20:05,909 --> 00:20:03,840
and as you can see the moxie

467
00:20:07,750 --> 00:20:05,919
experiment is getting craned into the

468
00:20:09,750 --> 00:20:07,760
belly of the vehicle

469
00:20:11,190 --> 00:20:09,760
now what is moxie moxie is something

470
00:20:13,990 --> 00:20:11,200
called

471
00:20:16,230 --> 00:20:14,000
an in-situ resource utilization

472
00:20:17,190 --> 00:20:16,240
experiment which is kind of a fancy way

473
00:20:21,110 --> 00:20:17,200
of

474
00:20:24,230 --> 00:20:21,120
experiment that will actually create

475
00:20:26,549 --> 00:20:24,240
oxygen on the surface of mars

476
00:20:29,590 --> 00:20:26,559
by ingesting the martian atmosphere the

477
00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:29,600
carbon dioxide dissociating it using a

478
00:20:34,390 --> 00:20:31,840
process called electrolysis

479
00:20:36,310 --> 00:20:34,400
and creating pure oxygen now this is a

480
00:20:38,630 --> 00:20:36,320
scaled experiment

481
00:20:41,669 --> 00:20:38,640
to demonstrate this technology for

482
00:20:42,470 --> 00:20:41,679
future human exploration

483
00:20:45,270 --> 00:20:42,480
both

484
00:20:47,909 --> 00:20:45,280
obviously for life support purposes

485
00:20:50,070 --> 00:20:47,919
but the oxygen is also important as an

486
00:20:52,070 --> 00:20:50,080
oxidizer for fuel

487
00:20:53,990 --> 00:20:52,080
to bring those human missions back to

488
00:20:55,750 --> 00:20:54,000
the earth

489
00:20:58,470 --> 00:20:55,760
and so all of that

490
00:21:00,390 --> 00:20:58,480
is really an exciting and new aspect to

491
00:21:04,310 --> 00:21:00,400
the mission

492
00:21:05,750 --> 00:21:04,320
uh now uh none of these uh things really

493
00:21:08,470 --> 00:21:05,760
happen

494
00:21:10,230 --> 00:21:08,480
uh and one more clip please on the next

495
00:21:12,549 --> 00:21:10,240
clip i want to take you through uh one

496
00:21:14,149 --> 00:21:12,559
of our stars actually here before i go

497
00:21:16,390 --> 00:21:14,159
to the next piece here

498
00:21:18,149 --> 00:21:16,400
this is the ingenuity helicopter

499
00:21:19,750 --> 00:21:18,159
thank you

500
00:21:22,070 --> 00:21:19,760
as most of you know

501
00:21:24,390 --> 00:21:22,080
ingenuity is being carried on the belly

502
00:21:27,510 --> 00:21:24,400
of the vehicle we'll find a good place

503
00:21:29,669 --> 00:21:27,520
to deploy it on the surface of mars

504
00:21:31,430 --> 00:21:29,679
we'll drive off to a standoff distance

505
00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:31,440
and then we will become the official

506
00:21:34,789 --> 00:21:32,960
photographer

507
00:21:35,909 --> 00:21:34,799
for ingenuity as it attempts to do

508
00:21:38,070 --> 00:21:35,919
something

509
00:21:39,590 --> 00:21:38,080
that's never been done before which is

510
00:21:41,510 --> 00:21:39,600
powered flight

511
00:21:43,190 --> 00:21:41,520
on another planet

512
00:21:45,190 --> 00:21:43,200
you know this is a technology that's

513
00:21:48,470 --> 00:21:45,200
really going to open up a new

514
00:21:49,990 --> 00:21:48,480
exploration modality for us

515
00:21:52,470 --> 00:21:50,000
very much like

516
00:21:58,070 --> 00:21:52,480
the rovers did 20 years ago when we flew

517
00:22:04,230 --> 00:22:00,549
none of these things uh actually happen

518
00:22:05,270 --> 00:22:04,240
um without a lot of help and uh i just

519
00:22:06,870 --> 00:22:05,280
want to

520
00:22:08,630 --> 00:22:06,880
acknowledge

521
00:22:10,390 --> 00:22:08,640
the many industry partners that we've

522
00:22:13,110 --> 00:22:10,400
had along the way there are over a

523
00:22:15,750 --> 00:22:13,120
thousand suppliers that have provided

524
00:22:18,230 --> 00:22:15,760
hardware for this mission

525
00:22:21,430 --> 00:22:18,240
they're located in over 500 different

526
00:22:23,350 --> 00:22:21,440
cities 44 different states

527
00:22:26,070 --> 00:22:23,360
pretty much every nasa center has

528
00:22:27,430 --> 00:22:26,080
contributed in one fashion or another to

529
00:22:31,190 --> 00:22:27,440
this mission

530
00:22:32,710 --> 00:22:31,200
and in fact internationally we have

531
00:22:35,590 --> 00:22:32,720
educational

532
00:22:37,430 --> 00:22:35,600
facilities and universities

533
00:22:39,350 --> 00:22:37,440
as well as additional suppliers that

534
00:22:42,149 --> 00:22:39,360
provide both engineering and science

535
00:22:45,270 --> 00:22:42,159
hardware for this mission so this is

536
00:22:48,950 --> 00:22:45,280
this is certainly a a team effort

537
00:22:51,029 --> 00:22:48,960
and every every mission inquires

538
00:22:52,789 --> 00:22:51,039
deals with challenges at one point or

539
00:22:55,510 --> 00:22:52,799
another and frankly

540
00:22:57,110 --> 00:22:55,520
after having been doing this for three

541
00:22:58,870 --> 00:22:57,120
decades or so

542
00:23:00,710 --> 00:22:58,880
i thought i had seen just about

543
00:23:02,950 --> 00:23:00,720
everything

544
00:23:05,510 --> 00:23:02,960
until about a year ago

545
00:23:06,710 --> 00:23:05,520
when i was proven wrong and uh and we

546
00:23:07,909 --> 00:23:06,720
all had to

547
00:23:10,630 --> 00:23:07,919
face

548
00:23:12,390 --> 00:23:10,640
the global pandemic

549
00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:12,400
now this is something that happened

550
00:23:15,510 --> 00:23:13,840
right

551
00:23:18,070 --> 00:23:15,520
during the final processing for the

552
00:23:20,950 --> 00:23:18,080
spacecraft down at kennedy space center

553
00:23:23,510 --> 00:23:20,960
we had to react quickly the teams

554
00:23:25,590 --> 00:23:23,520
had to figure out how to both keep uh

555
00:23:27,270 --> 00:23:25,600
the teams and their families safe as

556
00:23:30,310 --> 00:23:27,280
well as continue to make progress for

557
00:23:32,310 --> 00:23:30,320
the launch as thomas indicated

558
00:23:34,470 --> 00:23:32,320
uh it was really the first time during

559
00:23:37,909 --> 00:23:34,480
the entire development where i felt that

560
00:23:41,029 --> 00:23:37,919
the launch was in actually some jeopardy

561
00:23:42,789 --> 00:23:41,039
it was just so comprehensive and and so

562
00:23:45,110 --> 00:23:42,799
so new

563
00:23:47,510 --> 00:23:45,120
and so many teams came together to help

564
00:23:48,630 --> 00:23:47,520
us across the agency other nasa centers

565
00:23:51,029 --> 00:23:48,640
helped get us

566
00:23:52,950 --> 00:23:51,039
hardware and people down to the to

567
00:23:55,590 --> 00:23:52,960
kennedy space center

568
00:23:58,230 --> 00:23:55,600
uh the headquarters team stepped in both

569
00:24:00,070 --> 00:23:58,240
lori and thomas specifically and others

570
00:24:02,950 --> 00:24:00,080
to help us get through that period and

571
00:24:06,149 --> 00:24:02,960
of course the team rose to the challenge

572
00:24:08,390 --> 00:24:06,159
and got us and got us to the launch pad

573
00:24:09,990 --> 00:24:08,400
and we've managed to fly the spacecraft

574
00:24:13,029 --> 00:24:10,000
to a point here where we're just a few

575
00:24:14,870 --> 00:24:13,039
weeks away now from from landing

576
00:24:17,830 --> 00:24:14,880
i asked the team in the spring of last

577
00:24:19,909 --> 00:24:17,840
year uh to come up with

578
00:24:22,470 --> 00:24:19,919
something that would symbolize to mark

579
00:24:25,750 --> 00:24:22,480
this this challenge and to thank

580
00:24:27,990 --> 00:24:25,760
in particular the front line workers

581
00:24:30,549 --> 00:24:28,000
the medical community that were out

582
00:24:32,549 --> 00:24:30,559
there doing their job

583
00:24:34,390 --> 00:24:32,559
and the team designed this

584
00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:34,400
we called our covet plate

585
00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:36,320
as you can see

586
00:24:41,029 --> 00:24:38,320
it's got a representation of the earth

587
00:24:43,350 --> 00:24:41,039
the globe uh all of us facing this

588
00:24:45,909 --> 00:24:43,360
challenge together

589
00:24:48,630 --> 00:24:45,919
it's got a symbol of the spacecraft

590
00:24:49,669 --> 00:24:48,640
leaving the earth heading to mars and of

591
00:24:52,630 --> 00:24:49,679
course

592
00:24:54,549 --> 00:24:52,640
all of this supported by the familiar

593
00:24:56,549 --> 00:24:54,559
staff and serpent of the medical

594
00:24:58,950 --> 00:24:56,559
community

595
00:25:00,390 --> 00:24:58,960
we're proudly carrying this plate to

596
00:25:02,630 --> 00:25:00,400
mars

597
00:25:04,310 --> 00:25:02,640
so that

598
00:25:07,190 --> 00:25:04,320
we'll remember

599
00:25:09,190 --> 00:25:07,200
back here on the earth in the year 2020

600
00:25:10,870 --> 00:25:09,200
and 21

601
00:25:13,350 --> 00:25:10,880
that there was a community that stepped

602
00:25:17,669 --> 00:25:13,360
up and bravely did their jobs so that we

603
00:25:21,830 --> 00:25:19,110
i want to

604
00:25:23,909 --> 00:25:21,840
pass the baton at this point

605
00:25:27,510 --> 00:25:23,919
over to al chen

606
00:25:28,789 --> 00:25:27,520
he is our entry descent and landing lead

607
00:25:31,510 --> 00:25:28,799
he's going to tell you a little bit

608
00:25:33,110 --> 00:25:31,520
about this activity that we're going to

609
00:25:35,909 --> 00:25:33,120
go through here in just a few weeks it's

610
00:25:38,549 --> 00:25:35,919
one of the most difficult maneuvers

611
00:25:40,149 --> 00:25:38,559
in our business and he

612
00:25:42,230 --> 00:25:40,159
will take you through

613
00:25:45,510 --> 00:25:42,240
the steps and the challenges that we

614
00:25:47,430 --> 00:25:45,520
have coming up in just a few weeks now

615
00:25:49,190 --> 00:25:47,440
thanks man

616
00:25:50,230 --> 00:25:49,200
i don't think i'm exaggerating when i

617
00:25:51,590 --> 00:25:50,240
say that

618
00:25:53,350 --> 00:25:51,600
entry descent landing is the most

619
00:25:55,750 --> 00:25:53,360
critical and most dangerous part of the

620
00:25:57,110 --> 00:25:55,760
mission success is never assured and

621
00:25:59,350 --> 00:25:57,120
that's especially true when we're trying

622
00:26:01,590 --> 00:25:59,360
to land the biggest heaviest and most

623
00:26:03,110 --> 00:26:01,600
complicated rover we've ever built to

624
00:26:05,110 --> 00:26:03,120
the most dangerous site we've ever

625
00:26:06,789 --> 00:26:05,120
attempted to land at

626
00:26:08,630 --> 00:26:06,799
if you take a look at this next little

627
00:26:10,230 --> 00:26:08,640
video here you'll get a little taste of

628
00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:10,240
what those seven minutes of enter

629
00:26:38,110 --> 00:26:12,240
descent landing will look like in just

630
00:26:38,120 --> 00:26:59,269
[Music]

631
00:26:59,279 --> 00:27:11,029
so

632
00:27:14,149 --> 00:27:12,789
just looking at and thinking about the

633
00:27:15,669 --> 00:27:14,159
landing really gets the blood flowing

634
00:27:17,110 --> 00:27:15,679
for me

635
00:27:19,350 --> 00:27:17,120
landing on mars is really all about

636
00:27:20,870 --> 00:27:19,360
finding a place a way to stop and stop

637
00:27:22,789 --> 00:27:20,880
in a safe place

638
00:27:24,470 --> 00:27:22,799
perseverance first hits the atmosphere

639
00:27:26,149 --> 00:27:24,480
uh going almost twelve thousand over

640
00:27:28,149 --> 00:27:26,159
twelve thousand miles per hour and

641
00:27:30,389 --> 00:27:28,159
streaks across the sky like a meteor

642
00:27:32,549 --> 00:27:30,399
using that atmosphere to slow down

643
00:27:33,990 --> 00:27:32,559
during that entry it's gotta survive the

644
00:27:36,149 --> 00:27:34,000
intense heating and deceleration that

645
00:27:37,990 --> 00:27:36,159
period while also using thrusters to

646
00:27:40,710 --> 00:27:38,000
steer toward the landing target to make

647
00:27:42,630 --> 00:27:40,720
sure we go to the right place

648
00:27:44,870 --> 00:27:42,640
after slowing down to supersonic speeds

649
00:27:46,870 --> 00:27:44,880
perseverance will deploy a large 70 foot

650
00:27:48,950 --> 00:27:46,880
diameter parachute while still traveling

651
00:27:50,389 --> 00:27:48,960
almost twice the speed of sound

652
00:27:51,830 --> 00:27:50,399
that'll slow the spacecraft down even

653
00:27:53,190 --> 00:27:51,840
further

654
00:27:54,710 --> 00:27:53,200
while coming down on the parachute

655
00:27:55,669 --> 00:27:54,720
perseverance needs to figure out where

656
00:27:56,950 --> 00:27:55,679
it is

657
00:27:59,190 --> 00:27:56,960
through that it'll jettison the heat

658
00:28:00,950 --> 00:27:59,200
shield that protected us during entry

659
00:28:03,110 --> 00:28:00,960
and it'll use a radar and a new system

660
00:28:05,909 --> 00:28:03,120
we call terrain relative navigation

661
00:28:07,350 --> 00:28:05,919
to help figure out where it is

662
00:28:09,430 --> 00:28:07,360
but the parachute alone isn't enough to

663
00:28:11,190 --> 00:28:09,440
slow down perseverance for landing in

664
00:28:13,269 --> 00:28:11,200
fact the spacecraft is still going more

665
00:28:15,750 --> 00:28:13,279
than 150 miles per hour when the

666
00:28:17,430 --> 00:28:15,760
parachute is done slowing it down that's

667
00:28:19,029 --> 00:28:17,440
about as fast as a skydiver would be

668
00:28:20,389 --> 00:28:19,039
going if he jumped out of a plane here

669
00:28:23,269 --> 00:28:20,399
on earth and headed straight to the

670
00:28:24,789 --> 00:28:23,279
ground head down without a parachute

671
00:28:27,110 --> 00:28:24,799
so at an altitude of a little over a

672
00:28:29,350 --> 00:28:27,120
mile or so perseverance will fire up its

673
00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:29,360
engines fly to a safe spot identified by

674
00:28:32,870 --> 00:28:31,200
that terrain relative navigation system

675
00:28:34,789 --> 00:28:32,880
and slow down to about a mile and a half

676
00:28:36,870 --> 00:28:34,799
per hour right above it and then it's

677
00:28:38,549 --> 00:28:36,880
ready for sky crane

678
00:28:40,630 --> 00:28:38,559
perseverance will lower itself much like

679
00:28:42,549 --> 00:28:40,640
curiosity did from that rocket powered

680
00:28:43,990 --> 00:28:42,559
jetpack descent stage and maneuver in

681
00:28:46,070 --> 00:28:44,000
for a gentle touchdown right on its

682
00:28:47,830 --> 00:28:46,080
wheels at a speed at a speed slower than

683
00:28:49,909 --> 00:28:47,840
i walk

684
00:28:51,830 --> 00:28:49,919
and because of how long it takes for

685
00:28:53,990 --> 00:28:51,840
radio signals to get back from mars all

686
00:28:55,830 --> 00:28:54,000
the way to earth perseverance has to do

687
00:28:58,710 --> 00:28:55,840
this all on our own we can't help it

688
00:29:00,549 --> 00:28:58,720
during this period

689
00:29:01,990 --> 00:29:00,559
so as you'll hear from ken and briney

690
00:29:04,149 --> 00:29:02,000
jezreel crater is a great place a

691
00:29:06,230 --> 00:29:04,159
magnificent place for science but when i

692
00:29:09,350 --> 00:29:06,240
look at it from a landing perspective

693
00:29:10,710 --> 00:29:09,360
i see danger it's a formidable challenge

694
00:29:12,310 --> 00:29:10,720
the site is replete with steep

695
00:29:13,830 --> 00:29:12,320
cliffsides that happen to run right

696
00:29:15,909 --> 00:29:13,840
through the middle of the landing site

697
00:29:18,230 --> 00:29:15,919
there's sand there's boulders there's

698
00:29:20,230 --> 00:29:18,240
impact craters all these would be a bad

699
00:29:22,470 --> 00:29:20,240
day if we touch down on them

700
00:29:24,950 --> 00:29:22,480
so two two new technologies that we've

701
00:29:26,710 --> 00:29:24,960
added for perseverance since curiosity

702
00:29:27,750 --> 00:29:26,720
make it possible for us to go to jezreel

703
00:29:29,110 --> 00:29:27,760
safely

704
00:29:30,310 --> 00:29:29,120
the first is something we call a range

705
00:29:33,269 --> 00:29:30,320
trigger

706
00:29:35,590 --> 00:29:33,279
perseverance the ability to decide for

707
00:29:37,350 --> 00:29:35,600
herself when to deploy the parachute

708
00:29:39,029 --> 00:29:37,360
based on where she is

709
00:29:41,029 --> 00:29:39,039
that helps to shrink the landing error

710
00:29:42,710 --> 00:29:41,039
ellipse or the all the areas that we can

711
00:29:45,750 --> 00:29:42,720
come down in as you can kind of see in

712
00:29:48,549 --> 00:29:47,029
when coupled with the guided entry

713
00:29:50,470 --> 00:29:48,559
system we had on curiosity giving

714
00:29:52,389 --> 00:29:50,480
perseverance the ability to choose where

715
00:29:54,789 --> 00:29:52,399
to deploy that parachute really shrinks

716
00:29:56,549 --> 00:29:54,799
the area that we might come down in and

717
00:29:59,190 --> 00:29:56,559
lets us land in a tight space like

718
00:30:00,710 --> 00:29:59,200
jezreel crater

719
00:30:02,870 --> 00:30:00,720
the second major technology we've added

720
00:30:05,190 --> 00:30:02,880
is terrain relative navigation

721
00:30:08,070 --> 00:30:05,200
with trn which reynolds navigation we've

722
00:30:09,750 --> 00:30:08,080
given perseverance eyes and a map i'm

723
00:30:11,510 --> 00:30:09,760
not sure most people do this anymore but

724
00:30:13,669 --> 00:30:11,520
at least you used to be able to drive

725
00:30:16,149 --> 00:30:13,679
around in your car and look at a map and

726
00:30:17,830 --> 00:30:16,159
look out the window and see what you saw

727
00:30:19,590 --> 00:30:17,840
out from the window and match it up to

728
00:30:21,190 --> 00:30:19,600
what you have on your map and figure out

729
00:30:22,149 --> 00:30:21,200
where you are based on that

730
00:30:23,590 --> 00:30:22,159
that's kind of what we're asking

731
00:30:25,110 --> 00:30:23,600
perseverance to do too with trained

732
00:30:26,389 --> 00:30:25,120
relative navigation

733
00:30:28,710 --> 00:30:26,399
she's got an extra brain in there to

734
00:30:30,230 --> 00:30:28,720
help figure out where she's going and an

735
00:30:32,149 --> 00:30:30,240
extra camera in there to give her eyes

736
00:30:34,149 --> 00:30:32,159
to see what's out there and match it up

737
00:30:35,510 --> 00:30:34,159
with that onboard map

738
00:30:37,909 --> 00:30:35,520
once she's figured out where she is she

739
00:30:39,430 --> 00:30:37,919
can fly to a safe spot nearby

740
00:30:41,669 --> 00:30:39,440
we've actually tested out this system

741
00:30:43,190 --> 00:30:41,679
out here in california out over places

742
00:30:45,269 --> 00:30:43,200
like death valley as this next clipper

743
00:30:46,870 --> 00:30:45,279
show

744
00:30:48,310 --> 00:30:46,880
here in this clip you can see us uh put

745
00:30:50,070 --> 00:30:48,320
that mount that train with the

746
00:30:51,909 --> 00:30:50,080
navigation system on the front of a

747
00:30:53,750 --> 00:30:51,919
helicopter so we could fly it over all

748
00:30:55,269 --> 00:30:53,760
sorts of different kinds of terrain that

749
00:30:56,630 --> 00:30:55,279
it might see terrain that like that's

750
00:30:58,470 --> 00:30:56,640
similar to mars

751
00:30:59,990 --> 00:30:58,480
so here we are in death valley

752
00:31:01,909 --> 00:31:00,000
out there it's on the on this gimbal in

753
00:31:04,149 --> 00:31:01,919
front of the helicopter trying to mimic

754
00:31:08,389 --> 00:31:04,159
the kinds of rates and altitudes that

755
00:31:12,070 --> 00:31:10,389
here you'll see the the system actually

756
00:31:14,470 --> 00:31:12,080
comparing what it sees from the camera

757
00:31:16,070 --> 00:31:14,480
that's looking down with an onboard map

758
00:31:18,310 --> 00:31:16,080
that's derived from satellite imagery

759
00:31:20,950 --> 00:31:18,320
much like we hope to do on mars it

760
00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:20,960
matches up landmarks that it sees uh

761
00:31:24,950 --> 00:31:23,120
with its camera with its eye with those

762
00:31:28,310 --> 00:31:24,960
uh onboard maps and what it sees from

763
00:31:29,669 --> 00:31:28,320
those maps to figure out where she is

764
00:31:31,830 --> 00:31:29,679
that helps us get down get our

765
00:31:33,909 --> 00:31:31,840
uncertainty in where we're at down to a

766
00:31:35,509 --> 00:31:33,919
couple of tens of meters

767
00:31:37,590 --> 00:31:35,519
when we have that information we can use

768
00:31:39,029 --> 00:31:37,600
that to help us fly to a safe spot

769
00:31:40,630 --> 00:31:39,039
nearby once we are done with the

770
00:31:41,830 --> 00:31:40,640
parachute that are flying on those

771
00:31:43,590 --> 00:31:41,840
engines

772
00:31:44,950 --> 00:31:43,600
that way we can always make sure that we

773
00:31:46,950 --> 00:31:44,960
land in a safe spot for the rover to

774
00:31:48,149 --> 00:31:46,960
touch down

775
00:31:49,909 --> 00:31:48,159
if it wasn't for rain trigger or train

776
00:31:53,190 --> 00:31:49,919
wealth and navigation we just could not

777
00:31:54,630 --> 00:31:53,200
go to jezreel as matt mentioned earlier

778
00:31:55,990 --> 00:31:54,640
finally we have one more system that i'm

779
00:31:57,909 --> 00:31:56,000
really excited about to try to give

780
00:31:59,190 --> 00:31:57,919
people a sense of what it's like to land

781
00:32:00,549 --> 00:31:59,200
on mars

782
00:32:02,070 --> 00:32:00,559
we have the system that's called the el

783
00:32:03,190 --> 00:32:02,080
camera system which includes a slew of

784
00:32:05,590 --> 00:32:03,200
cameras as you'll see in the next

785
00:32:06,950 --> 00:32:05,600
picture and a microphone

786
00:32:08,230 --> 00:32:06,960
we've got cameras that are looking up at

787
00:32:10,389 --> 00:32:08,240
the parachute so we'll see that

788
00:32:11,590 --> 00:32:10,399
supersonic parachute inflate

789
00:32:13,990 --> 00:32:11,600
this will be really the first time we've

790
00:32:16,070 --> 00:32:14,000
ever seen that occur on another planet

791
00:32:17,269 --> 00:32:16,080
we've got a rover download camera

792
00:32:19,110 --> 00:32:17,279
that'll allow us to see the ground

793
00:32:20,310 --> 00:32:19,120
rushing up at us as we go hurtling

794
00:32:21,830 --> 00:32:20,320
toward the ground

795
00:32:24,389 --> 00:32:21,840
and then we also have cameras on the

796
00:32:26,149 --> 00:32:24,399
descent stage that rocket power jet pack

797
00:32:27,990 --> 00:32:26,159
looking down at the rover and then at

798
00:32:29,669 --> 00:32:28,000
the rover looking back up at the descent

799
00:32:31,750 --> 00:32:29,679
stage so we'll be able to really see

800
00:32:33,830 --> 00:32:31,760
what sky crane is like uh during that

801
00:32:35,750 --> 00:32:33,840
period and see that rover descend from

802
00:32:37,509 --> 00:32:35,760
the descent stage and be craned right

803
00:32:38,870 --> 00:32:37,519
down to the surface

804
00:32:40,149 --> 00:32:38,880
additionally with that microphone system

805
00:32:42,230 --> 00:32:40,159
we'll be able to hear what it's like

806
00:32:43,990 --> 00:32:42,240
this and what it sounds like when we're

807
00:32:46,870 --> 00:32:44,000
coming through those seven minutes of

808
00:32:48,870 --> 00:32:46,880
entry to set and landing

809
00:32:50,070 --> 00:32:48,880
so the entry cent landing team is really

810
00:32:51,830 --> 00:32:50,080
excited for the challenge that we have

811
00:32:52,870 --> 00:32:51,840
in a few weeks and we're really looking

812
00:32:54,389 --> 00:32:52,880
forward to bringing everyone for the

813
00:32:56,310 --> 00:32:54,399
ride

814
00:32:57,830 --> 00:32:56,320
but while uh that'll be the end of uh

815
00:33:00,149 --> 00:32:57,840
our journey with perseverance the entry

816
00:33:01,590 --> 00:33:00,159
december manning's team's uh journey

817
00:33:03,350 --> 00:33:01,600
that's really just the beginning of the

818
00:33:05,750 --> 00:33:03,360
adventure on the surface and

819
00:33:07,190 --> 00:33:05,760
perseverance's adventure and its mission

820
00:33:11,029 --> 00:33:07,200
so to talk about some more

821
00:33:12,389 --> 00:33:11,039
i'll i'll hand that over to ken here

822
00:33:14,389 --> 00:33:12,399
thanks al

823
00:33:16,630 --> 00:33:14,399
three and a half billion years ago

824
00:33:18,549 --> 00:33:16,640
mars was very similar to earth in

825
00:33:21,269 --> 00:33:18,559
several important ways

826
00:33:23,990 --> 00:33:21,279
it had a substantial atmosphere it had

827
00:33:26,230 --> 00:33:24,000
lakes and rivers on its surface and it

828
00:33:27,990 --> 00:33:26,240
had habitable environments places where

829
00:33:28,870 --> 00:33:28,000
organisms that we know about on earth

830
00:33:30,789 --> 00:33:28,880
today

831
00:33:32,310 --> 00:33:30,799
could have thrived

832
00:33:34,870 --> 00:33:32,320
these are the only habitable

833
00:33:36,630 --> 00:33:34,880
environments that are known beyond the

834
00:33:38,710 --> 00:33:36,640
earth

835
00:33:41,269 --> 00:33:38,720
central focus of the mars 2020 mission

836
00:33:43,430 --> 00:33:41,279
is to explore one such environment and

837
00:33:45,509 --> 00:33:43,440
to see if it hosted

838
00:33:47,190 --> 00:33:45,519
martian life

839
00:33:48,549 --> 00:33:47,200
we're going to jezreel crater i much

840
00:33:49,909 --> 00:33:48,559
appreciate the efforts of the

841
00:33:51,669 --> 00:33:49,919
engineering team to get us to a

842
00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:51,679
dangerous landing site it is a

843
00:33:56,389 --> 00:33:55,360
spectacular landing site it once held a

844
00:33:57,509 --> 00:33:56,399
lake

845
00:33:58,549 --> 00:33:57,519
and what we're going to do as soon as we

846
00:34:00,149 --> 00:33:58,559
get there

847
00:34:03,029 --> 00:34:00,159
is to explore the rocks that were

848
00:34:04,470 --> 00:34:03,039
deposited in that lake for biosignatures

849
00:34:06,549 --> 00:34:04,480
for evidence

850
00:34:09,030 --> 00:34:06,559
of ancient life

851
00:34:10,950 --> 00:34:09,040
the best and most promising samples will

852
00:34:13,510 --> 00:34:10,960
be collected into

853
00:34:15,750 --> 00:34:13,520
sample tubes that look like this

854
00:34:18,069 --> 00:34:15,760
and i'm i'm really happy i can show this

855
00:34:20,470 --> 00:34:18,079
this is a truly elegant piece of

856
00:34:22,790 --> 00:34:20,480
hardware and it's also beautiful

857
00:34:25,430 --> 00:34:22,800
we will collect the samples directly

858
00:34:27,430 --> 00:34:25,440
into tubes like this

859
00:34:29,750 --> 00:34:27,440
and they can be brought back to earth

860
00:34:31,750 --> 00:34:29,760
by a future mission which will allow

861
00:34:32,470 --> 00:34:31,760
scientists to analyze the samples in

862
00:34:35,270 --> 00:34:32,480
them

863
00:34:38,149 --> 00:34:35,280
using the full arsenal of capabilities

864
00:34:41,349 --> 00:34:38,159
that exist in terrestrial laboratories

865
00:34:43,990 --> 00:34:41,359
march 2020 is the first mission

866
00:34:45,430 --> 00:34:44,000
which explicitly is seeking the signs of

867
00:34:48,470 --> 00:34:45,440
ancient life

868
00:34:52,069 --> 00:34:48,480
and the first mission in which

869
00:34:54,710 --> 00:34:52,079
samples will be located and packaged for

870
00:34:57,270 --> 00:34:54,720
return to earth from another planet

871
00:34:59,670 --> 00:34:57,280
it's also the first mission in which a

872
00:35:01,910 --> 00:34:59,680
significant part of the science team

873
00:35:04,150 --> 00:35:01,920
was selected specifically to represent

874
00:35:06,390 --> 00:35:04,160
the interests of the future

875
00:35:09,190 --> 00:35:06,400
and that's because the samples will

876
00:35:11,829 --> 00:35:09,200
return to earth sometime in the 2030s

877
00:35:14,390 --> 00:35:11,839
and as laurie said they will be analyzed

878
00:35:15,510 --> 00:35:14,400
for decades after that

879
00:35:16,950 --> 00:35:15,520
and what that means is that the

880
00:35:18,950 --> 00:35:16,960
scientists that are presently on the

881
00:35:20,870 --> 00:35:18,960
mars 2020 science team

882
00:35:22,630 --> 00:35:20,880
are unlikely to be the ones that analyze

883
00:35:24,550 --> 00:35:22,640
the samples the scientists who will

884
00:35:26,550 --> 00:35:24,560
analyze these samples

885
00:35:28,310 --> 00:35:26,560
are in school today they might not even

886
00:35:30,150 --> 00:35:28,320
be born yet

887
00:35:32,310 --> 00:35:30,160
and so it's important to understand that

888
00:35:33,990 --> 00:35:32,320
mars 2020 is going to be doing its

889
00:35:34,790 --> 00:35:34,000
mission over the course of the next few

890
00:35:37,030 --> 00:35:34,800
years

891
00:35:39,750 --> 00:35:37,040
but it is also a serious investment in

892
00:35:42,310 --> 00:35:39,760
the future of our science

893
00:35:43,670 --> 00:35:42,320
i had the first graphic um

894
00:35:44,390 --> 00:35:43,680
mars today

895
00:35:49,589 --> 00:35:44,400
is

896
00:35:51,270 --> 00:35:49,599
completely inhospitable on its surface

897
00:35:54,069 --> 00:35:51,280
to life as we know it

898
00:35:56,390 --> 00:35:54,079
the lake that once existed in jezreel is

899
00:35:57,430 --> 00:35:56,400
long gone and here's what it looks like

900
00:36:00,150 --> 00:35:57,440
now

901
00:36:02,069 --> 00:36:00,160
i i love this image because it is so

902
00:36:04,710 --> 00:36:02,079
easy to see what's going on if you look

903
00:36:07,349 --> 00:36:04,720
closely what you see in this image

904
00:36:09,270 --> 00:36:07,359
in the background the hills that's the

905
00:36:11,430 --> 00:36:09,280
rim of jezreel crater

906
00:36:13,910 --> 00:36:11,440
and i hope you can see the canyon that

907
00:36:16,310 --> 00:36:13,920
is cut through that rim

908
00:36:19,349 --> 00:36:16,320
that canyon was cut by a river that

909
00:36:21,910 --> 00:36:19,359
flowed onto the floor of jezreel crater

910
00:36:24,550 --> 00:36:21,920
and deposited that large delta when it

911
00:36:27,349 --> 00:36:24,560
hit the slack water of a lake that delta

912
00:36:28,870 --> 00:36:27,359
tells us absolutely clearly there was a

913
00:36:31,109 --> 00:36:28,880
lake here

914
00:36:33,109 --> 00:36:31,119
this was a very large lake

915
00:36:35,510 --> 00:36:33,119
it was about 30 miles across which is

916
00:36:37,670 --> 00:36:35,520
about the size of lake tahoe

917
00:36:39,430 --> 00:36:37,680
and it was hundreds of feet deep and i

918
00:36:41,349 --> 00:36:39,440
should point out for scale in this image

919
00:36:42,870 --> 00:36:41,359
the crater in the about in the middle of

920
00:36:44,710 --> 00:36:42,880
the image

921
00:36:49,190 --> 00:36:44,720
that is about one kilometer across it's

922
00:36:52,069 --> 00:36:50,710
so we will land

923
00:36:53,589 --> 00:36:52,079
and

924
00:36:56,470 --> 00:36:53,599
we will have to check out the rover

925
00:36:59,990 --> 00:36:56,480
it'll take some time to establish that

926
00:37:01,670 --> 00:37:00,000
the rover has arrived uh after its long

927
00:37:03,190 --> 00:37:01,680
and dangerous journey with everything

928
00:37:04,630 --> 00:37:03,200
functioning properly

929
00:37:06,470 --> 00:37:04,640
so the first thing we have to do is we

930
00:37:07,670 --> 00:37:06,480
have to check out the rover make sure

931
00:37:09,349 --> 00:37:07,680
everything works

932
00:37:11,430 --> 00:37:09,359
check out the science instruments

933
00:37:14,230 --> 00:37:11,440
calibrate the science instruments

934
00:37:16,230 --> 00:37:14,240
and fly the ingenuity helicopter all

935
00:37:18,150 --> 00:37:16,240
that's going to take several months

936
00:37:20,069 --> 00:37:18,160
during which science is not the primary

937
00:37:22,470 --> 00:37:20,079
focus of the mission

938
00:37:24,550 --> 00:37:22,480
as soon as we're done with that phase

939
00:37:27,589 --> 00:37:24,560
we are ready to go

940
00:37:29,829 --> 00:37:27,599
and what we will do then is explore the

941
00:37:31,510 --> 00:37:29,839
geology which means we will look at the

942
00:37:33,910 --> 00:37:31,520
rocks

943
00:37:36,150 --> 00:37:33,920
that were deposited uh in this lake and

944
00:37:38,310 --> 00:37:36,160
its surroundings to understand what they

945
00:37:41,030 --> 00:37:38,320
tell us about the history of the planet

946
00:37:43,030 --> 00:37:41,040
and especially about the history of this

947
00:37:45,109 --> 00:37:43,040
habitable environment

948
00:37:47,109 --> 00:37:45,119
and then we will use the very powerful

949
00:37:49,270 --> 00:37:47,119
instruments on the rover to look for

950
00:37:51,270 --> 00:37:49,280
biosignatures to look for these leavings

951
00:37:53,349 --> 00:37:51,280
of ancient life

952
00:37:55,190 --> 00:37:53,359
and we will collect about 40 samples

953
00:37:57,349 --> 00:37:55,200
into the into the tubes that i just

954
00:37:59,510 --> 00:37:57,359
showed and ultimately these will be

955
00:38:01,670 --> 00:37:59,520
transferred to the follow-on mission

956
00:38:04,150 --> 00:38:01,680
that can bring them back

957
00:38:05,750 --> 00:38:04,160
the team has been studying this site for

958
00:38:07,270 --> 00:38:05,760
quite a few years now

959
00:38:10,069 --> 00:38:07,280
and what we've come up with as a

960
00:38:10,870 --> 00:38:10,079
possible traverse is shown in this image

961
00:38:12,150 --> 00:38:10,880
here

962
00:38:13,990 --> 00:38:12,160
and as i said we don't know exactly

963
00:38:16,950 --> 00:38:14,000
where we're going to land but it is

964
00:38:19,190 --> 00:38:16,960
likely that we will relatively quickly

965
00:38:20,390 --> 00:38:19,200
move on to the green line that you see

966
00:38:21,910 --> 00:38:20,400
here

967
00:38:25,349 --> 00:38:21,920
this is a a

968
00:38:26,870 --> 00:38:25,359
pathway that connects together

969
00:38:30,470 --> 00:38:26,880
all of the different habitable

970
00:38:32,310 --> 00:38:30,480
environments that we uh think exist

971
00:38:33,670 --> 00:38:32,320
existed within this lake and in its

972
00:38:35,430 --> 00:38:33,680
surroundings

973
00:38:37,430 --> 00:38:35,440
uh you can see that we will drive up

974
00:38:38,630 --> 00:38:37,440
onto the delta and explore the features

975
00:38:40,710 --> 00:38:38,640
in the delta

976
00:38:42,150 --> 00:38:40,720
and then move up to possible shoreline

977
00:38:44,710 --> 00:38:42,160
environments and you'll hear more about

978
00:38:47,109 --> 00:38:44,720
those from bryony in just a minute

979
00:38:49,030 --> 00:38:47,119
and then we will climb up the crater rim

980
00:38:51,750 --> 00:38:49,040
and uh just for reference that crater

981
00:38:53,030 --> 00:38:51,760
rim is several thousand feet high so

982
00:38:55,750 --> 00:38:53,040
it's important for me to point out this

983
00:38:58,390 --> 00:38:55,760
is a very ambitious undertaking

984
00:39:01,190 --> 00:38:58,400
i sometimes call it an epic journey

985
00:39:03,109 --> 00:39:01,200
it is about 15 miles long so this is a

986
00:39:04,630 --> 00:39:03,119
long traverse it'll take many years for

987
00:39:07,030 --> 00:39:04,640
us to do this

988
00:39:09,349 --> 00:39:07,040
and the reason we do this though is that

989
00:39:11,670 --> 00:39:09,359
this will allow us to come up with the

990
00:39:13,190 --> 00:39:11,680
best possible set of samples to be

991
00:39:15,510 --> 00:39:13,200
brought back to earth to answer the

992
00:39:19,829 --> 00:39:15,520
major questions that we have about mars

993
00:39:24,230 --> 00:39:23,270
what would a martian biosignature look

994
00:39:29,190 --> 00:39:24,240
like

995
00:39:32,230 --> 00:39:29,200
this is a stromatolite it is a

996
00:39:33,750 --> 00:39:32,240
biosignature of microbial life

997
00:39:36,230 --> 00:39:33,760
uh and

998
00:39:39,270 --> 00:39:36,240
such biosignatures are the oldest

999
00:39:40,710 --> 00:39:39,280
undisputed evidence of life on earth

1000
00:39:42,069 --> 00:39:40,720
rocks that are three and a half billion

1001
00:39:44,790 --> 00:39:42,079
years old that occur in western

1002
00:39:47,670 --> 00:39:44,800
australia and several other places

1003
00:39:49,910 --> 00:39:47,680
tell us that life was abundant on earth

1004
00:39:51,910 --> 00:39:49,920
three and a half billion years ago

1005
00:39:54,950 --> 00:39:51,920
and they tell us that life at that time

1006
00:39:57,030 --> 00:39:54,960
was only microbial there was no complex

1007
00:39:59,030 --> 00:39:57,040
life at that time

1008
00:40:01,670 --> 00:39:59,040
and that's important because if we use

1009
00:40:02,790 --> 00:40:01,680
earth as an analogy to what to look for

1010
00:40:05,430 --> 00:40:02,800
on mars

1011
00:40:07,750 --> 00:40:05,440
we should not be looking for things like

1012
00:40:08,710 --> 00:40:07,760
fossil teeth or fossil bones or fossil

1013
00:40:10,710 --> 00:40:08,720
leaves

1014
00:40:13,109 --> 00:40:10,720
because life took too long to develop

1015
00:40:15,349 --> 00:40:13,119
those kind of capabilities to be present

1016
00:40:17,589 --> 00:40:15,359
in the rocks at jezreel crater

1017
00:40:19,750 --> 00:40:17,599
so we will look for stromatolites and i

1018
00:40:21,270 --> 00:40:19,760
particularly like stromatolites because

1019
00:40:23,430 --> 00:40:21,280
they can be large enough that you know

1020
00:40:25,109 --> 00:40:23,440
you can see with your eyes we can see

1021
00:40:26,550 --> 00:40:25,119
with the cameras on the rover that will

1022
00:40:28,630 --> 00:40:26,560
allow us to

1023
00:40:30,950 --> 00:40:28,640
to locate them in this in this very

1024
00:40:33,270 --> 00:40:30,960
large study environment

1025
00:40:35,910 --> 00:40:33,280
we also have capabilities on the rover

1026
00:40:37,510 --> 00:40:35,920
to study the rocks microscopically in a

1027
00:40:40,230 --> 00:40:37,520
very small patch

1028
00:40:41,750 --> 00:40:40,240
to look for structures at a much smaller

1029
00:40:44,390 --> 00:40:41,760
scale that could have been produced

1030
00:40:46,309 --> 00:40:44,400
microbial by microbial life

1031
00:40:48,309 --> 00:40:46,319
and we have the ability to detect and

1032
00:40:49,750 --> 00:40:48,319
map organic matter

1033
00:40:52,550 --> 00:40:49,760
and of course organic matter is

1034
00:40:55,670 --> 00:40:52,560
important because all life as we know it

1035
00:40:57,349 --> 00:40:55,680
is made out of organic matter

1036
00:40:59,030 --> 00:40:57,359
so those are the kinds of ways that we

1037
00:41:00,630 --> 00:40:59,040
will try to identify ancient

1038
00:41:02,069 --> 00:41:00,640
biosignatures

1039
00:41:05,190 --> 00:41:02,079
on mars

1040
00:41:07,190 --> 00:41:05,200
people often ask

1041
00:41:09,190 --> 00:41:07,200
what is

1042
00:41:10,870 --> 00:41:09,200
the likelihood that we will find

1043
00:41:12,390 --> 00:41:10,880
evidence of ancient life what is the

1044
00:41:13,510 --> 00:41:12,400
likelihood of life existed on mars and

1045
00:41:14,550 --> 00:41:13,520
of course we don't know the answer to

1046
00:41:19,589 --> 00:41:14,560
that

1047
00:41:21,670 --> 00:41:19,599
billion years old

1048
00:41:22,790 --> 00:41:21,680
on earth that have

1049
00:41:24,230 --> 00:41:22,800
biosignatures in them that have

1050
00:41:26,390 --> 00:41:24,240
stromatolites in them

1051
00:41:27,190 --> 00:41:26,400
were deposited by microbes in the bottom

1052
00:41:29,990 --> 00:41:27,200
of

1053
00:41:32,950 --> 00:41:30,000
shallow lakes and seas

1054
00:41:34,390 --> 00:41:32,960
perseverance rover is about to land

1055
00:41:36,390 --> 00:41:34,400
in a former lake

1056
00:41:39,910 --> 00:41:36,400
three and a half billion years old this

1057
00:41:42,470 --> 00:41:39,920
is a tantalizing similarity

1058
00:41:45,190 --> 00:41:42,480
it would of course be a fabulous

1059
00:41:47,750 --> 00:41:45,200
scientific discovery to find that life

1060
00:41:50,069 --> 00:41:47,760
exists existed beyond earth

1061
00:41:53,109 --> 00:41:50,079
it would also be a very important

1062
00:41:54,550 --> 00:41:53,119
discovery for humanity in general we all

1063
00:41:55,750 --> 00:41:54,560
know that this is one of those questions

1064
00:41:58,150 --> 00:41:55,760
that people have

1065
00:42:00,150 --> 00:41:58,160
pondered for a long time

1066
00:42:03,030 --> 00:42:00,160
it's also important to understand that

1067
00:42:04,790 --> 00:42:03,040
even if we don't find evidence of life

1068
00:42:06,950 --> 00:42:04,800
that's important too

1069
00:42:08,390 --> 00:42:06,960
it's important because it seems that all

1070
00:42:10,069 --> 00:42:08,400
habitable environments that have been

1071
00:42:11,910 --> 00:42:10,079
studied in detail

1072
00:42:14,950 --> 00:42:11,920
are inhabited

1073
00:42:16,630 --> 00:42:14,960
if we do a deep exploration of jezreel

1074
00:42:18,550 --> 00:42:16,640
crater with the rover and its

1075
00:42:19,990 --> 00:42:18,560
instruments and with the samples when

1076
00:42:22,550 --> 00:42:20,000
they come back to earth

1077
00:42:24,150 --> 00:42:22,560
and we find no evidence of life

1078
00:42:25,109 --> 00:42:24,160
we will have shown that at least one

1079
00:42:27,109 --> 00:42:25,119
place

1080
00:42:30,069 --> 00:42:27,119
there is a habitable environment

1081
00:42:31,750 --> 00:42:30,079
that is not inhabited that would be a

1082
00:42:33,990 --> 00:42:31,760
unique and important scientific

1083
00:42:36,069 --> 00:42:34,000
discovery if that's what we find it

1084
00:42:39,030 --> 00:42:36,079
would tell us something important that

1085
00:42:41,030 --> 00:42:39,040
habitability alone is not sufficient

1086
00:42:43,349 --> 00:42:41,040
that something else has to be present

1087
00:42:45,349 --> 00:42:43,359
some perhaps magic spark that causes

1088
00:42:46,870 --> 00:42:45,359
life to occur

1089
00:42:47,910 --> 00:42:46,880
and we'll need to think about that as we

1090
00:42:50,309 --> 00:42:47,920
consider

1091
00:42:53,510 --> 00:42:50,319
other potentially habitable environments

1092
00:42:55,349 --> 00:42:53,520
in our solar system and also in the

1093
00:42:59,270 --> 00:42:55,359
very large number of extrasolar planets

1094
00:43:00,790 --> 00:42:59,280
that likely exist in the habitable zone

1095
00:43:02,630 --> 00:43:00,800
so now i'd like to turn it over to

1096
00:43:04,470 --> 00:43:02,640
briony horgan who is a member of our

1097
00:43:08,870 --> 00:43:04,480
science team she's going to tell us more

1098
00:43:12,630 --> 00:43:11,109
great thanks ken yeah so this first

1099
00:43:14,150 --> 00:43:12,640
image you're seeing on the screen this

1100
00:43:15,829 --> 00:43:14,160
is an image that you would see of

1101
00:43:17,349 --> 00:43:15,839
jezreel if you were flying over an

1102
00:43:19,109 --> 00:43:17,359
airplane or landing on it in a

1103
00:43:21,030 --> 00:43:19,119
spacecraft this is the kind of view that

1104
00:43:23,030 --> 00:43:21,040
perseverance will see with its cameras

1105
00:43:24,470 --> 00:43:23,040
during descent and i think it's a really

1106
00:43:26,470 --> 00:43:24,480
nice illustration of what ken was

1107
00:43:28,870 --> 00:43:26,480
talking about that mars today is this

1108
00:43:31,589 --> 00:43:28,880
cold dry and inhospitable place but that

1109
00:43:32,950 --> 00:43:31,599
there's really clear evidence on the

1110
00:43:35,349 --> 00:43:32,960
surface that i did and that's the the

1111
00:43:36,870 --> 00:43:35,359
delta in jezreel so you can very clearly

1112
00:43:38,470 --> 00:43:36,880
see the river cutting through the crater

1113
00:43:39,670 --> 00:43:38,480
rim and depositing this delta on the

1114
00:43:41,430 --> 00:43:39,680
crater floor

1115
00:43:42,870 --> 00:43:41,440
and you know one of the things i love

1116
00:43:44,950 --> 00:43:42,880
about being a geologist at least

1117
00:43:47,109 --> 00:43:44,960
pre-coveted was the ability to get in a

1118
00:43:49,829 --> 00:43:47,119
plane and fly over the united states and

1119
00:43:51,430 --> 00:43:49,839
look down and imagine what surface looks

1120
00:43:53,430 --> 00:43:51,440
like millions of years ago based on what

1121
00:43:54,470 --> 00:43:53,440
i could see and in this image i mean you

1122
00:43:56,069 --> 00:43:54,480
can do that right you can start to

1123
00:43:58,230 --> 00:43:56,079
imagine what jezreel used to look like

1124
00:44:00,630 --> 00:43:58,240
but billions of years ago three to four

1125
00:44:01,910 --> 00:44:00,640
billion years ago and the reason we do

1126
00:44:03,589 --> 00:44:01,920
that and the reason we're hoping to do

1127
00:44:05,510 --> 00:44:03,599
that even better on the ground with

1128
00:44:07,670 --> 00:44:05,520
perseverance is because the geology and

1129
00:44:09,030 --> 00:44:07,680
jezreel crater is so exceptionally well

1130
00:44:10,950 --> 00:44:09,040
preserved

1131
00:44:13,190 --> 00:44:10,960
you know it's very clear that the delta

1132
00:44:14,470 --> 00:44:13,200
was formed time so long ago when mars

1133
00:44:17,030 --> 00:44:14,480
was warmer and wetter and more

1134
00:44:19,190 --> 00:44:17,040
hospitable to life and in fact the delta

1135
00:44:20,870 --> 00:44:19,200
itself is one of our first targets in

1136
00:44:22,950 --> 00:44:20,880
our search of life

1137
00:44:24,950 --> 00:44:22,960
and that's because as delta's deltas

1138
00:44:26,870 --> 00:44:24,960
form and rivers uh travel across the

1139
00:44:29,030 --> 00:44:26,880
surrounding landscape you build this you

1140
00:44:30,790 --> 00:44:29,040
know green and the rivers transporting

1141
00:44:33,030 --> 00:44:30,800
any kind of organic or biological

1142
00:44:34,950 --> 00:44:33,040
material into the lake and those organic

1143
00:44:36,870 --> 00:44:34,960
materials concentrated in the bottom of

1144
00:44:39,030 --> 00:44:36,880
the lake in the muds and we think based

1145
00:44:41,349 --> 00:44:39,040
on looking at orbital data of the delta

1146
00:44:43,589 --> 00:44:41,359
that those muds that could contain signs

1147
00:44:45,270 --> 00:44:43,599
of organic materials and life are

1148
00:44:46,870 --> 00:44:45,280
actually preserved at the base of the

1149
00:44:48,870 --> 00:44:46,880
delta at the cliffs in the front of the

1150
00:44:50,470 --> 00:44:48,880
delta and jezebel crater

1151
00:44:51,750 --> 00:44:50,480
but there's more to jezera than just the

1152
00:44:53,589 --> 00:44:51,760
delta itself and you can see that in

1153
00:44:55,190 --> 00:44:53,599
this image it's shown now with all these

1154
00:44:56,470 --> 00:44:55,200
beautiful colors and so these colors are

1155
00:44:58,550 --> 00:44:56,480
not what you would see with your naked

1156
00:45:00,710 --> 00:44:58,560
eye looking at jezero in fact here we've

1157
00:45:02,630 --> 00:45:00,720
taken colors we've used colors here to

1158
00:45:04,550 --> 00:45:02,640
indicate what kind of minerals we see on

1159
00:45:06,950 --> 00:45:04,560
the surface using spectrometers and

1160
00:45:08,790 --> 00:45:06,960
orbit on our satellites at mars and here

1161
00:45:10,309 --> 00:45:08,800
you know it is telling us that jezreel

1162
00:45:11,829 --> 00:45:10,319
is a very different place has lots of

1163
00:45:13,190 --> 00:45:11,839
really

1164
00:45:14,950 --> 00:45:13,200
great geology different dip over the

1165
00:45:16,870 --> 00:45:14,960
place however what's really important

1166
00:45:18,790 --> 00:45:16,880
here are is the green and the green here

1167
00:45:20,630 --> 00:45:18,800
indicates carbonate minerals now

1168
00:45:22,150 --> 00:45:20,640
carbonate minerals are important on mars

1169
00:45:24,150 --> 00:45:22,160
or on earth because they're they form

1170
00:45:26,150 --> 00:45:24,160
when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

1171
00:45:28,230 --> 00:45:26,160
interacts with water and rocks and

1172
00:45:29,589 --> 00:45:28,240
precipitates out these minerals on earth

1173
00:45:31,430 --> 00:45:29,599
we see them all over the place they're

1174
00:45:33,270 --> 00:45:31,440
one of the most common deposits you get

1175
00:45:34,790 --> 00:45:33,280
out of lakes and oceans and so we're

1176
00:45:36,309 --> 00:45:34,800
excited to find them on mars they tell

1177
00:45:38,550 --> 00:45:36,319
us that water was once present at the

1178
00:45:40,230 --> 00:45:38,560
surface but in gezero in particular

1179
00:45:41,430 --> 00:45:40,240
we're very excited about the carbonates

1180
00:45:43,430 --> 00:45:41,440
you can see there's kind of green

1181
00:45:45,430 --> 00:45:43,440
everywhere here but in particular

1182
00:45:47,589 --> 00:45:45,440
there's this kind of bathtub ring

1183
00:45:49,990 --> 00:45:47,599
looking zone of carbonates just between

1184
00:45:51,910 --> 00:45:50,000
the delta and the crater rim and we

1185
00:45:54,309 --> 00:45:51,920
think that might correspond to the

1186
00:45:56,710 --> 00:45:54,319
ancient shorelines of ancient lake

1187
00:45:58,230 --> 00:45:56,720
jezreel so places ancient beaches you

1188
00:46:00,150 --> 00:45:58,240
could have sat on along the shore of

1189
00:46:01,349 --> 00:46:00,160
lake jezreel and so that's really

1190
00:46:03,270 --> 00:46:01,359
interesting that the carbonates are in

1191
00:46:05,030 --> 00:46:03,280
that location because that could mean

1192
00:46:07,030 --> 00:46:05,040
that they formed along the ancient

1193
00:46:08,069 --> 00:46:07,040
beaches in the lake itself

1194
00:46:09,910 --> 00:46:08,079
and that's really great because

1195
00:46:11,670 --> 00:46:09,920
carbonates when they form in the lake

1196
00:46:13,270 --> 00:46:11,680
when they precipitate as a mineral out

1197
00:46:15,109 --> 00:46:13,280
of the water can actually trap

1198
00:46:16,630 --> 00:46:15,119
whatever's living in there and so this

1199
00:46:18,230 --> 00:46:16,640
next image you can see an image of you

1200
00:46:19,510 --> 00:46:18,240
know what we think ancient lake jezreel

1201
00:46:21,030 --> 00:46:19,520
might have looked like of course this is

1202
00:46:23,510 --> 00:46:21,040
back on earth this is a place called

1203
00:46:24,950 --> 00:46:23,520
lake salda in southwestern turkey and

1204
00:46:26,870 --> 00:46:24,960
here this is a lake that we think is

1205
00:46:28,790 --> 00:46:26,880
chemically very similar to what ancient

1206
00:46:30,309 --> 00:46:28,800
lake jezreel might have been like and

1207
00:46:31,109 --> 00:46:30,319
you can see it's this beautiful blue

1208
00:46:32,309 --> 00:46:31,119
lake

1209
00:46:33,829 --> 00:46:32,319
but what's really interesting are all

1210
00:46:35,270 --> 00:46:33,839
these weird looking boulders at the very

1211
00:46:36,870 --> 00:46:35,280
front of the image

1212
00:46:38,950 --> 00:46:36,880
these sort of novel looking boulders are

1213
00:46:40,670 --> 00:46:38,960
actually covered in microbial mats these

1214
00:46:42,470 --> 00:46:40,680
are actually modern uh stromatolite

1215
00:46:44,069 --> 00:46:42,480
stromatolite-like boulders that are

1216
00:46:45,990 --> 00:46:44,079
forming today due to interactions

1217
00:46:47,829 --> 00:46:46,000
between microbial mats your microbes

1218
00:46:48,950 --> 00:46:47,839
living in the lake and the minerals the

1219
00:46:51,910 --> 00:46:48,960
carbonate minerals that are

1220
00:46:53,430 --> 00:46:51,920
precipitating out of this lake

1221
00:46:56,150 --> 00:46:53,440
this is the kind of thing we hope to be

1222
00:46:57,510 --> 00:46:56,160
able to find in jezreel crater so in the

1223
00:46:59,109 --> 00:46:57,520
next image you'll see a view you know

1224
00:47:00,790 --> 00:46:59,119
just turning to the right looking away

1225
00:47:02,630 --> 00:47:00,800
from those uh those stromatolite-like

1226
00:47:04,069 --> 00:47:02,640
forms looking down the shoreline of lake

1227
00:47:06,069 --> 00:47:04,079
salda you can see all these beautiful

1228
00:47:07,750 --> 00:47:06,079
white carbonate minerals and again this

1229
00:47:09,990 --> 00:47:07,760
is what we hope will find in that kind

1230
00:47:12,309 --> 00:47:10,000
of green ring you saw just uh by the

1231
00:47:14,309 --> 00:47:12,319
crate just by the rim of jezreel crater

1232
00:47:16,630 --> 00:47:14,319
we hope we'll find preserved ancient

1233
00:47:17,910 --> 00:47:16,640
beach deposits and in fact in this image

1234
00:47:20,790 --> 00:47:17,920
in the upper right you can see all these

1235
00:47:22,470 --> 00:47:20,800
big white cliffs those are lithified

1236
00:47:23,990 --> 00:47:22,480
beach deposits from when the lake level

1237
00:47:26,150 --> 00:47:24,000
was a little higher and we hope we'll

1238
00:47:27,589 --> 00:47:26,160
find those exact same things in jezreel

1239
00:47:29,510 --> 00:47:27,599
crater and that perseverance can

1240
00:47:31,510 --> 00:47:29,520
actually rove along these ancient beach

1241
00:47:36,309 --> 00:47:31,520
deposits looking for signs of ancient

1242
00:47:39,910 --> 00:47:38,309
okay so that's why we're so excited

1243
00:47:41,109 --> 00:47:39,920
about jezreel crater because it has so

1244
00:47:43,030 --> 00:47:41,119
many different ways that it could

1245
00:47:44,630 --> 00:47:43,040
preserve signs of life so what will we

1246
00:47:46,309 --> 00:47:44,640
actually see once we land well here's a

1247
00:47:47,829 --> 00:47:46,319
great video showing the kind of

1248
00:47:49,750 --> 00:47:47,839
perspective view we might get from the

1249
00:47:51,030 --> 00:47:49,760
rover this is say imagine if we landed

1250
00:47:52,630 --> 00:47:51,040
on the crater floor in front of the

1251
00:47:54,710 --> 00:47:52,640
delta and so the cliffs you can see in

1252
00:47:56,549 --> 00:47:54,720
this video are actually the front of the

1253
00:47:58,710 --> 00:47:56,559
delta and that again will be one of our

1254
00:48:00,549 --> 00:47:58,720
first targets to look for signs of

1255
00:48:03,030 --> 00:48:00,559
organic material and other signs of life

1256
00:48:04,390 --> 00:48:03,040
in the lake bottom muds preserved at the

1257
00:48:05,990 --> 00:48:04,400
front of the delta

1258
00:48:07,430 --> 00:48:06,000
and you know we might land on the delta

1259
00:48:09,109 --> 00:48:07,440
that's also a possibility but then we'll

1260
00:48:11,030 --> 00:48:09,119
end up with a fantastic view looking out

1261
00:48:13,030 --> 00:48:11,040
over the crater floor now either way

1262
00:48:14,710 --> 00:48:13,040
we're going to have we'll be landing on

1263
00:48:16,470 --> 00:48:14,720
just amazing rocks and be able to do

1264
00:48:18,549 --> 00:48:16,480
fantastic science right away so on the

1265
00:48:19,990 --> 00:48:18,559
science team we are incredibly excited

1266
00:48:21,910 --> 00:48:20,000
to actually get on the ground to start

1267
00:48:23,270 --> 00:48:21,920
doing fantastic geology

1268
00:48:25,589 --> 00:48:23,280
all right thanks and i'll send it back

1269
00:48:27,910 --> 00:48:25,599
to you jpl

1270
00:48:29,990 --> 00:48:27,920
thanks brian we are now ready to take

1271
00:48:32,470 --> 00:48:30,000
media questions remember to press star

1272
00:48:33,990 --> 00:48:32,480
one to get put in the queue and please

1273
00:48:36,150 --> 00:48:34,000
direct your questions to one of the

1274
00:48:39,109 --> 00:48:36,160
panelists we're also taking questions

1275
00:48:52,390 --> 00:48:39,119
through the countdown to mars hashtag to

1276
00:49:00,390 --> 00:48:54,390
all right bill bill harwood from cbs

1277
00:49:05,510 --> 00:49:02,470
all right we're going to move on to

1278
00:49:07,510 --> 00:49:05,520
marina corn from the atlantic marina are

1279
00:49:10,950 --> 00:49:07,520
you there

1280
00:49:13,030 --> 00:49:10,960
hi am can you hear me yes we can

1281
00:49:15,990 --> 00:49:13,040
hi um this is a question to whoever

1282
00:49:18,390 --> 00:49:16,000
wants to talk about ingenuity um what

1283
00:49:21,430 --> 00:49:18,400
lessons are you taking away from the

1284
00:49:23,270 --> 00:49:21,440
failure of the mole on insight uh the

1285
00:49:24,950 --> 00:49:23,280
mole and the helicopter are obviously

1286
00:49:26,710 --> 00:49:24,960
very different instruments but they are

1287
00:49:28,470 --> 00:49:26,720
a little similar in that they are more

1288
00:49:30,309 --> 00:49:28,480
on the experimental side and doing

1289
00:49:32,309 --> 00:49:30,319
things that haven't been done on mars

1290
00:49:37,990 --> 00:49:32,319
before so what have you learned from

1291
00:49:40,870 --> 00:49:38,710
well

1292
00:49:43,030 --> 00:49:40,880
let's see i can talk certainly about

1293
00:49:44,549 --> 00:49:43,040
ingenuity and and uh how we're

1294
00:49:47,030 --> 00:49:44,559
approaching it as a technology

1295
00:49:49,990 --> 00:49:47,040
experiment i'm i'm not the right person

1296
00:49:52,950 --> 00:49:50,000
to talk about uh the insight mission

1297
00:49:54,549 --> 00:49:52,960
uh frankly but i will say as i said i

1298
00:49:56,549 --> 00:49:54,559
think during the initial opening

1299
00:49:57,990 --> 00:49:56,559
comments that

1300
00:50:00,470 --> 00:49:58,000
you know when we take on these new

1301
00:50:02,069 --> 00:50:00,480
technologies um that's why we're taking

1302
00:50:03,589 --> 00:50:02,079
them on because they're new because

1303
00:50:05,349 --> 00:50:03,599
they're difficult because we haven't

1304
00:50:07,670 --> 00:50:05,359
done them before

1305
00:50:09,430 --> 00:50:07,680
the helicopter ingenuity is it's a high

1306
00:50:11,910 --> 00:50:09,440
risk high reward

1307
00:50:13,270 --> 00:50:11,920
endeavor it's something we have not

1308
00:50:15,349 --> 00:50:13,280
tried

1309
00:50:17,230 --> 00:50:15,359
um and there's and there's always going

1310
00:50:19,510 --> 00:50:17,240
to be some probability

1311
00:50:20,790 --> 00:50:19,520
of an issue

1312
00:50:23,030 --> 00:50:20,800
but that's why we're doing it we'll

1313
00:50:25,030 --> 00:50:23,040
learn from the issue if it occurs i

1314
00:50:28,950 --> 00:50:25,040
think

1315
00:50:31,270 --> 00:50:28,960
these systems

1316
00:50:33,349 --> 00:50:31,280
we put a lot of thought into what we

1317
00:50:34,710 --> 00:50:33,359
need to do to test them here on the

1318
00:50:36,790 --> 00:50:34,720
earth and

1319
00:50:39,190 --> 00:50:36,800
uh ingenuity is a great example of that

1320
00:50:41,270 --> 00:50:39,200
we flew this helicopter in mars-like

1321
00:50:43,430 --> 00:50:41,280
atmospheric conditions

1322
00:50:45,349 --> 00:50:43,440
in our chamber many times during the

1323
00:50:47,510 --> 00:50:45,359
initial development and during the final

1324
00:50:48,630 --> 00:50:47,520
activities trying to get it ready

1325
00:50:50,870 --> 00:50:48,640
to fly

1326
00:50:52,950 --> 00:50:50,880
we did a lot of work to verify that this

1327
00:50:55,829 --> 00:50:52,960
hardware was going to

1328
00:50:57,670 --> 00:50:55,839
survive that very difficult martian

1329
00:51:02,069 --> 00:50:57,680
environment

1330
00:51:02,950 --> 00:51:02,079
it's the thermal cycles are are

1331
00:51:05,510 --> 00:51:02,960
very

1332
00:51:07,349 --> 00:51:05,520
punishing on electronics and hardware

1333
00:51:09,910 --> 00:51:07,359
and so we test those that hardware

1334
00:51:12,230 --> 00:51:09,920
before we send it to mars

1335
00:51:14,470 --> 00:51:12,240
um you know we we look at things like

1336
00:51:17,030 --> 00:51:14,480
dust the dust on mars is

1337
00:51:18,950 --> 00:51:17,040
very fines like talcum powder and it can

1338
00:51:20,390 --> 00:51:18,960
get into our mechanisms including the

1339
00:51:21,750 --> 00:51:20,400
things that uh

1340
00:51:23,990 --> 00:51:21,760
you know type of mechanisms that

1341
00:51:26,470 --> 00:51:24,000
ingenuity needs to fly

1342
00:51:27,910 --> 00:51:26,480
so we work hard to test uh and look at

1343
00:51:29,829 --> 00:51:27,920
all those environments and all those

1344
00:51:31,910 --> 00:51:29,839
risk factors

1345
00:51:34,230 --> 00:51:31,920
we had there and if we did it again we

1346
00:51:35,990 --> 00:51:34,240
would do it exactly the way we did it

1347
00:51:38,390 --> 00:51:36,000
and i think for the very reason that

1348
00:51:40,710 --> 00:51:38,400
match is talked about and that is

1349
00:51:42,630 --> 00:51:40,720
that it's a perfectly good question i

1350
00:51:45,990 --> 00:51:42,640
was asked with all the information that

1351
00:51:48,470 --> 00:51:46,000
was uh you know known at this time

1352
00:51:50,950 --> 00:51:48,480
with all the testing that was there and

1353
00:51:52,950 --> 00:51:50,960
once we landed successfully with the

1354
00:51:54,710 --> 00:51:52,960
full commitment of the entire team

1355
00:51:56,470 --> 00:51:54,720
trying to make it work and in fact in

1356
00:51:58,549 --> 00:51:56,480
this case finding

1357
00:52:00,470 --> 00:51:58,559
that the physical properties of that

1358
00:52:02,630 --> 00:52:00,480
soil right there where we're trying to

1359
00:52:03,589 --> 00:52:02,640
uh but a mole is trying to hammer itself

1360
00:52:06,790 --> 00:52:03,599
down

1361
00:52:08,309 --> 00:52:06,800
were not the same as we've seen before

1362
00:52:10,710 --> 00:52:08,319
in other cases

1363
00:52:13,589 --> 00:52:10,720
and in other places on mars and so we

1364
00:52:15,750 --> 00:52:13,599
tried everything we could and after

1365
00:52:18,390 --> 00:52:15,760
trying everything we could think of we

1366
00:52:20,790 --> 00:52:18,400
said the experiment is over we learned a

1367
00:52:22,390 --> 00:52:20,800
lot and trust me the next way the next

1368
00:52:24,230 --> 00:52:22,400
time i want to go back with a similar

1369
00:52:26,870 --> 00:52:24,240
type of experiment of course we want to

1370
00:52:29,829 --> 00:52:26,880
try again and we're really excited uh

1371
00:52:31,589 --> 00:52:29,839
once the european rover launches in a

1372
00:52:33,829 --> 00:52:31,599
couple in a year or so

1373
00:52:35,990 --> 00:52:33,839
they will also have kind of a way to get

1374
00:52:37,430 --> 00:52:36,000
below the ground so we look forward to

1375
00:52:39,589 --> 00:52:37,440
what they're learning from that we'll

1376
00:52:41,190 --> 00:52:39,599
learn from these experiences and just

1377
00:52:42,309 --> 00:52:41,200
like matt said

1378
00:52:44,390 --> 00:52:42,319
this is

1379
00:52:46,390 --> 00:52:44,400
exploration that those are the

1380
00:52:48,230 --> 00:52:46,400
characteristics of exploration

1381
00:52:50,230 --> 00:52:48,240
what will we learn about ingenuity

1382
00:52:52,150 --> 00:52:50,240
there's some environmental factors we

1383
00:52:53,589 --> 00:52:52,160
don't fully know we've never

1384
00:52:55,829 --> 00:52:53,599
really

1385
00:52:58,549 --> 00:52:55,839
you know experienced that at the level

1386
00:53:01,430 --> 00:52:58,559
of a flying system but the point is we

1387
00:53:04,549 --> 00:53:01,440
have all the data uh from the surface of

1388
00:53:07,430 --> 00:53:04,559
mars in our uh that is known to humanity

1389
00:53:09,750 --> 00:53:07,440
in our databases and uh you know from

1390
00:53:12,390 --> 00:53:09,760
from various missions and i just like

1391
00:53:14,069 --> 00:53:12,400
matt said or everything that

1392
00:53:16,390 --> 00:53:14,079
could be done was done with this

1393
00:53:18,950 --> 00:53:16,400
particular vehicle to make it successful

1394
00:53:20,630 --> 00:53:18,960
so we look forward to it

1395
00:53:22,950 --> 00:53:20,640
thank you and it appears that bill

1396
00:53:25,430 --> 00:53:22,960
harwood from cbs news is back on the

1397
00:53:27,190 --> 00:53:25,440
line bill can you hear us

1398
00:53:29,190 --> 00:53:27,200
thank you very much that was a mistake

1399
00:53:30,790 --> 00:53:29,200
on my end um just i just wanted to

1400
00:53:33,109 --> 00:53:30,800
follow up something with ken farley if i

1401
00:53:34,549 --> 00:53:33,119
can uh really briefly um you know you

1402
00:53:35,670 --> 00:53:34,559
were talking about the possibility of

1403
00:53:37,990 --> 00:53:35,680
negative results you don't know if

1404
00:53:40,069 --> 00:53:38,000
you'll find any bio signatures but are

1405
00:53:41,990 --> 00:53:40,079
there any practical implications to that

1406
00:53:43,510 --> 00:53:42,000
and what i mean is would you i mean

1407
00:53:45,349 --> 00:53:43,520
you'd still send the landing craft i

1408
00:53:47,270 --> 00:53:45,359
assume to pick up cash samples even if

1409
00:53:50,150 --> 00:53:47,280
you didn't see any obvious bio

1410
00:53:51,349 --> 00:53:50,160
signatures but would a negative result

1411
00:53:53,349 --> 00:53:51,359
in any way

1412
00:53:55,510 --> 00:53:53,359
while it has scientific value

1413
00:53:57,510 --> 00:53:55,520
would you worry that that might impact

1414
00:53:59,829 --> 00:53:57,520
political support ongoing support for

1415
00:54:01,829 --> 00:53:59,839
additional missions down the road given

1416
00:54:03,750 --> 00:54:01,839
the high cost and other targets in the

1417
00:54:05,270 --> 00:54:03,760
solar system that some might want to

1418
00:54:07,670 --> 00:54:05,280
explore thanks

1419
00:54:09,910 --> 00:54:07,680
yeah i don't think we should expect a

1420
00:54:10,950 --> 00:54:09,920
definitive answer of the type that i was

1421
00:54:12,950 --> 00:54:10,960
offering

1422
00:54:14,150 --> 00:54:12,960
from the instruments that are on board

1423
00:54:16,710 --> 00:54:14,160
the rover

1424
00:54:19,510 --> 00:54:16,720
the the kinds of capabilities that are

1425
00:54:21,670 --> 00:54:19,520
required to make a definitive assessment

1426
00:54:23,910 --> 00:54:21,680
was this habitable environment

1427
00:54:25,190 --> 00:54:23,920
not inhabited the kinds of instruments

1428
00:54:26,870 --> 00:54:25,200
that are required to do that are the

1429
00:54:29,510 --> 00:54:26,880
kinds of instruments we have on earth

1430
00:54:32,309 --> 00:54:29,520
that's why sample return is necessary

1431
00:54:34,390 --> 00:54:32,319
so we we generally uh suggest that we

1432
00:54:36,230 --> 00:54:34,400
have the capability to detect potential

1433
00:54:38,309 --> 00:54:36,240
biosignatures things that might be

1434
00:54:39,510 --> 00:54:38,319
biogenic but it'll be very hard for us

1435
00:54:42,230 --> 00:54:39,520
to prove that

1436
00:54:43,589 --> 00:54:42,240
so i don't think uh the the absence of

1437
00:54:45,510 --> 00:54:43,599
something that we can wave in our hands

1438
00:54:47,270 --> 00:54:45,520
and say we have found evidence of life i

1439
00:54:52,630 --> 00:54:47,280
don't think that should be considered at

1440
00:54:59,990 --> 00:54:55,430
thanks ken up next we have mike wahl

1441
00:55:03,109 --> 00:55:01,829
thank you all um

1442
00:55:05,349 --> 00:55:03,119
yeah i think this one's probably for

1443
00:55:07,430 --> 00:55:05,359
matt um could you just give us like an

1444
00:55:09,109 --> 00:55:07,440
idea of what the next three weeks are

1445
00:55:11,990 --> 00:55:09,119
actually gonna be like for you guys as

1446
00:55:14,150 --> 00:55:12,000
you prepare for for the edl um

1447
00:55:14,870 --> 00:55:14,160
like is everything pretty much set now

1448
00:55:17,109 --> 00:55:14,880
and

1449
00:55:18,710 --> 00:55:17,119
or are there lots of of sort of prep

1450
00:55:20,549 --> 00:55:18,720
tests that you need to do lots lots of

1451
00:55:21,750 --> 00:55:20,559
checkups that you need to do to sort of

1452
00:55:23,910 --> 00:55:21,760
get ready for that

1453
00:55:27,109 --> 00:55:23,920
thanks

1454
00:55:28,470 --> 00:55:27,119
yeah i can say a few words um and i

1455
00:55:31,510 --> 00:55:28,480
think what i'll do is i'll turn it over

1456
00:55:32,950 --> 00:55:31,520
to al chen to to say a few words for me

1457
00:55:34,710 --> 00:55:32,960
personally

1458
00:55:36,150 --> 00:55:34,720
i'm gonna get a haircut because we

1459
00:55:39,109 --> 00:55:36,160
haven't been able to get a haircut for a

1460
00:55:40,950 --> 00:55:39,119
long time in los angeles uh so that's

1461
00:55:41,990 --> 00:55:40,960
one thing i'm going to do

1462
00:55:45,190 --> 00:55:42,000
i think

1463
00:55:46,470 --> 00:55:45,200
you know the team has a a number of well

1464
00:55:48,390 --> 00:55:46,480
understood

1465
00:55:50,870 --> 00:55:48,400
sets of activities that they need to

1466
00:55:53,109 --> 00:55:50,880
to uh get through on the vehicle

1467
00:55:54,230 --> 00:55:53,119
um and uh i think al is the best person

1468
00:55:54,950 --> 00:55:54,240
to go ahead and talk us through some of

1469
00:55:57,030 --> 00:55:54,960
that

1470
00:55:59,750 --> 00:55:57,040
sure matt um right now we're finishing

1471
00:56:01,190 --> 00:55:59,760
uh the last test really of all the edl

1472
00:56:02,950 --> 00:56:01,200
hardware the last checkouts we have

1473
00:56:04,710 --> 00:56:02,960
before landing so we're finishing up

1474
00:56:06,549 --> 00:56:04,720
that this week next week we're going to

1475
00:56:08,789 --> 00:56:06,559
do what's called a cold boot we're kind

1476
00:56:11,270 --> 00:56:08,799
of basically in some sense erasing the

1477
00:56:13,270 --> 00:56:11,280
memory of the past uh six months on the

1478
00:56:15,109 --> 00:56:13,280
vehicle so that we get a system that's

1479
00:56:17,030 --> 00:56:15,119
very much like we bring up our testing

1480
00:56:18,870 --> 00:56:17,040
systems here our test beds in which we

1481
00:56:20,230 --> 00:56:18,880
bring them up from power off

1482
00:56:22,470 --> 00:56:20,240
so we want to make sure that we fly the

1483
00:56:23,990 --> 00:56:22,480
vehicle just like we tested so that's

1484
00:56:26,069 --> 00:56:24,000
really what the purpose of next week is

1485
00:56:29,030 --> 00:56:26,079
is to try to configure the spacecraft as

1486
00:56:30,950 --> 00:56:29,040
close to the way we test it as possible

1487
00:56:32,309 --> 00:56:30,960
past that we have a few more maneuvers

1488
00:56:34,470 --> 00:56:32,319
that we can do to make sure we're right

1489
00:56:36,230 --> 00:56:34,480
in the right place to start edl uh the

1490
00:56:37,270 --> 00:56:36,240
entry descent and landing at the right

1491
00:56:39,829 --> 00:56:37,280
time

1492
00:56:42,069 --> 00:56:39,839
additionally we have the ability to uh

1493
00:56:44,390 --> 00:56:42,079
to give the spacecraft more information

1494
00:56:46,470 --> 00:56:44,400
about where it is that it'll use when

1495
00:56:47,430 --> 00:56:46,480
it's in the atmosphere i spoke earlier

1496
00:56:49,589 --> 00:56:47,440
the fact that we're allowing

1497
00:56:51,589 --> 00:56:49,599
perseverance to figure out uh when to

1498
00:56:53,910 --> 00:56:51,599
deploy her own parachute we need to see

1499
00:56:56,789 --> 00:56:53,920
her with that with the best information

1500
00:56:58,710 --> 00:56:56,799
of where she is to begin edl so she can

1501
00:56:59,910 --> 00:56:58,720
make that decision well so those are

1502
00:57:02,069 --> 00:56:59,920
kind of the big activities that are

1503
00:57:03,670 --> 00:57:02,079
going on basically in that last week

1504
00:57:05,430 --> 00:57:03,680
it's all about making sure that we're

1505
00:57:07,829 --> 00:57:05,440
all primed and in the best efficient

1506
00:57:09,910 --> 00:57:07,839
position to succeed almost literally for

1507
00:57:12,710 --> 00:57:09,920
edl

1508
00:57:15,670 --> 00:57:12,720
thanks al and up next is steve gregory

1509
00:57:17,589 --> 00:57:15,680
from kfi

1510
00:57:19,270 --> 00:57:17,599
thank you very much um this might be for

1511
00:57:21,190 --> 00:57:19,280
ken i'm really curious about the

1512
00:57:23,109 --> 00:57:21,200
microphones on board whose idea was it

1513
00:57:25,270 --> 00:57:23,119
to install microphone

1514
00:57:28,710 --> 00:57:25,280
and what exactly is it you hope to learn

1515
00:57:30,470 --> 00:57:28,720
from microphones thank you very much

1516
00:57:32,710 --> 00:57:30,480
yeah let me just point out there there

1517
00:57:33,829 --> 00:57:32,720
are two microphones that are on border

1518
00:57:36,150 --> 00:57:33,839
rover

1519
00:57:38,630 --> 00:57:36,160
one of them is associated with the the

1520
00:57:41,750 --> 00:57:38,640
package of uh

1521
00:57:44,150 --> 00:57:41,760
sensors uh that will record edl

1522
00:57:46,309 --> 00:57:44,160
uh and and i will turn it to matt to to

1523
00:57:48,309 --> 00:57:46,319
comment on that but there's a second

1524
00:57:49,349 --> 00:57:48,319
microphone that is part of the super cam

1525
00:57:51,510 --> 00:57:49,359
instrument

1526
00:57:55,109 --> 00:57:51,520
and we don't really know what it will be

1527
00:57:57,030 --> 00:57:55,119
able to record but one of the

1528
00:57:59,349 --> 00:57:57,040
rationales for doing it is

1529
00:58:01,510 --> 00:57:59,359
there's a there's a laser on super cam

1530
00:58:02,470 --> 00:58:01,520
that will interact with rock at a

1531
00:58:03,430 --> 00:58:02,480
distance

1532
00:58:05,510 --> 00:58:03,440
and

1533
00:58:07,430 --> 00:58:05,520
it is likely that that interaction will

1534
00:58:08,470 --> 00:58:07,440
make noise that we can record with the

1535
00:58:10,390 --> 00:58:08,480
microphone

1536
00:58:12,309 --> 00:58:10,400
and we can for example potentially learn

1537
00:58:13,670 --> 00:58:12,319
about surface coatings and other

1538
00:58:17,510 --> 00:58:13,680
characteristics of those rocks that we

1539
00:58:21,349 --> 00:58:19,349
yeah so as ken said there's there are

1540
00:58:23,030 --> 00:58:21,359
two microphones the one you mentioned on

1541
00:58:25,589 --> 00:58:23,040
super cam and then there is one

1542
00:58:27,990 --> 00:58:25,599
associated with uh the cameras that al

1543
00:58:29,670 --> 00:58:28,000
talked about the what we call the edl

1544
00:58:32,230 --> 00:58:29,680
cameras these are

1545
00:58:33,510 --> 00:58:32,240
uh commercial uh ruggedized cameras and

1546
00:58:35,589 --> 00:58:33,520
they came with

1547
00:58:38,870 --> 00:58:35,599
or they gave us the capability

1548
00:58:40,710 --> 00:58:38,880
essentially to almost for free plug in a

1549
00:58:41,829 --> 00:58:40,720
microphone

1550
00:58:43,910 --> 00:58:41,839
sensor

1551
00:58:45,750 --> 00:58:43,920
to that system

1552
00:58:47,829 --> 00:58:45,760
and so we took it you know we thought it

1553
00:58:50,870 --> 00:58:47,839
would be exciting to have as i said

1554
00:58:53,030 --> 00:58:50,880
before that that new human sense along

1555
00:58:55,109 --> 00:58:53,040
with us for the ride

1556
00:58:57,109 --> 00:58:55,119
we expect to have that microphone well

1557
00:58:59,829 --> 00:58:57,119
we'll be active during entry descent and

1558
00:59:02,069 --> 00:58:59,839
landing so we're hoping to hear

1559
00:59:05,510 --> 00:59:02,079
a lot of pyrotechnics being fired a lot

1560
00:59:07,510 --> 00:59:05,520
of separations and deployments happening

1561
00:59:09,910 --> 00:59:07,520
maybe some wind you know after the heat

1562
00:59:11,670 --> 00:59:09,920
shield comes off

1563
00:59:14,789 --> 00:59:11,680
so we're hoping to hear essentially the

1564
00:59:16,630 --> 00:59:14,799
sounds of edl and we believe engines

1565
00:59:19,270 --> 00:59:16,640
firing maybe

1566
00:59:20,870 --> 00:59:19,280
we'll see we'll see what we hear um

1567
00:59:22,549 --> 00:59:20,880
that's part of the reason we're taking

1568
00:59:24,390 --> 00:59:22,559
it because it's new and we haven't done

1569
00:59:25,990 --> 00:59:24,400
it before and we want to understand what

1570
00:59:27,990 --> 00:59:26,000
we get from it

1571
00:59:30,630 --> 00:59:28,000
uh and there will probably be some

1572
00:59:33,030 --> 00:59:30,640
engineering aspects um

1573
00:59:34,390 --> 00:59:33,040
you know uh that that will derive from

1574
00:59:36,150 --> 00:59:34,400
from that data

1575
00:59:38,630 --> 00:59:36,160
if that microphone survives on the

1576
00:59:39,589 --> 00:59:38,640
surface and i suspect it it probably

1577
00:59:41,270 --> 00:59:39,599
will

1578
00:59:42,870 --> 00:59:41,280
then we'll also use that microphone just

1579
00:59:45,430 --> 00:59:42,880
to listen to the sounds of the vehicle

1580
00:59:47,349 --> 00:59:45,440
we have for instance a pump that that

1581
00:59:49,589 --> 00:59:47,359
pumps fluid around the vehicle freon

1582
00:59:51,589 --> 00:59:49,599
around the vehicle to keep it warm

1583
00:59:53,670 --> 00:59:51,599
and so we'll listen to see how that pump

1584
00:59:55,990 --> 00:59:53,680
sounds just like anybody would

1585
00:59:57,750 --> 00:59:56,000
you know from a health perspective on a

1586
00:59:59,430 --> 00:59:57,760
you know on an industrial pump for

1587
01:00:00,549 --> 00:59:59,440
instance we should be able to hear the

1588
01:00:04,069 --> 01:00:00,559
wheels

1589
01:00:05,829 --> 01:00:04,079
crunching over the surface as we drive

1590
01:00:07,990 --> 01:00:05,839
and i think we're going to hear that big

1591
01:00:09,670 --> 01:00:08,000
rotary percussive drill the big

1592
01:00:11,430 --> 01:00:09,680
jackhammer drill out on the end of the

1593
01:00:12,870 --> 01:00:11,440
robot arm

1594
01:00:15,589 --> 01:00:12,880
i think we'll hear that as well with

1595
01:00:17,349 --> 01:00:15,599
that with that microphone so uh

1596
01:00:19,829 --> 01:00:17,359
so those are some of the things where we

1597
01:00:22,390 --> 01:00:19,839
hope to to get with the mic

1598
01:00:24,069 --> 01:00:22,400
modern cells we could likely detect them

1599
01:00:26,069 --> 01:00:24,079
with the instruments that we have but we

1600
01:00:28,950 --> 01:00:26,079
would not be able to tell that they were

1601
01:00:30,710 --> 01:00:28,960
alive so it is possible that if life

1602
01:00:34,870 --> 01:00:30,720
existed there we could see it but we

1603
01:00:44,150 --> 01:00:37,349
thanks ken we now have the phone lines

1604
01:00:44,160 --> 01:00:51,430
paul can you hear us

1605
01:00:56,630 --> 01:00:52,630
all right we're going to move on to

1606
01:00:58,309 --> 01:00:56,640
irene klotz from aviation week

1607
01:00:59,990 --> 01:00:58,319
hi thanks very much i have an

1608
01:01:01,990 --> 01:01:00,000
engineering question and a science

1609
01:01:03,589 --> 01:01:02,000
question um the engineering question for

1610
01:01:05,910 --> 01:01:03,599
alan is um

1611
01:01:09,349 --> 01:01:05,920
with the range trigger and the trn how

1612
01:01:11,270 --> 01:01:09,359
much fly time does that buy for the

1613
01:01:13,030 --> 01:01:11,280
for perseverance um

1614
01:01:15,670 --> 01:01:13,040
what sort of

1615
01:01:16,710 --> 01:01:15,680
like time frame could the landing occur

1616
01:01:17,910 --> 01:01:16,720
in

1617
01:01:19,589 --> 01:01:17,920
and i'm gonna go ahead and ask the

1618
01:01:20,309 --> 01:01:19,599
science questions that's all right it's

1619
01:01:21,829 --> 01:01:20,319
um

1620
01:01:24,630 --> 01:01:21,839
kind of follows a little bit what bill i

1621
01:01:26,870 --> 01:01:24,640
think was trying to get at is uh after

1622
01:01:29,990 --> 01:01:26,880
viking there were no mars missions for

1623
01:01:32,630 --> 01:01:30,000
for 20 years or so um when that proved

1624
01:01:34,230 --> 01:01:32,640
to not find life or most people feel it

1625
01:01:36,950 --> 01:01:34,240
didn't find life

1626
01:01:38,549 --> 01:01:36,960
maybe can or anyone else can you put

1627
01:01:39,270 --> 01:01:38,559
into context

1628
01:01:41,109 --> 01:01:39,280
the

1629
01:01:43,829 --> 01:01:41,119
experiments that are going to be done

1630
01:01:46,230 --> 01:01:43,839
with perseverance and light of what was

1631
01:01:47,109 --> 01:01:46,240
done with not only viking but also all

1632
01:01:53,670 --> 01:01:47,119
the

1633
01:01:55,589 --> 01:01:53,680
8401 meteorite thanks

1634
01:01:57,190 --> 01:01:55,599
i think the first question was about uh

1635
01:01:59,510 --> 01:01:57,200
how much uncertainty there is and how

1636
01:02:01,990 --> 01:01:59,520
long it takes to land i got that right

1637
01:02:02,870 --> 01:02:02,000
um right so how much time would you have

1638
01:02:03,589 --> 01:02:02,880
to

1639
01:02:05,430 --> 01:02:03,599
like

1640
01:02:08,870 --> 01:02:05,440
it could land between this time and this

1641
01:02:11,990 --> 01:02:08,880
time based on the ability of the

1642
01:02:13,670 --> 01:02:12,000
rover to fly itself gotcha um we land

1643
01:02:14,789 --> 01:02:13,680
you know typically normally about in

1644
01:02:16,630 --> 01:02:14,799
seven minutes from the top of the

1645
01:02:18,390 --> 01:02:16,640
atmosphere to the bottom the uncertainty

1646
01:02:20,710 --> 01:02:18,400
in that timing can vary about half a

1647
01:02:22,390 --> 01:02:20,720
minute to a minute or so depending on

1648
01:02:23,349 --> 01:02:22,400
what the conditions are

1649
01:02:24,549 --> 01:02:23,359
as you mentioned right there there are

1650
01:02:26,470 --> 01:02:24,559
lots of things that drive that

1651
01:02:27,589 --> 01:02:26,480
uncertainty in particular it's the

1652
01:02:30,390 --> 01:02:27,599
atmosphere

1653
01:02:32,870 --> 01:02:30,400
that day what the weather really happens

1654
01:02:34,870 --> 01:02:32,880
to be like that day can affect how uh

1655
01:02:36,150 --> 01:02:34,880
how fast we come down that's typically

1656
01:02:38,789 --> 01:02:36,160
between a half minute and a minute of

1657
01:02:42,309 --> 01:02:40,390
i know you had a science question

1658
01:02:47,190 --> 01:02:42,319
perhaps lori glaze could answer it for

1659
01:02:52,390 --> 01:02:49,589
i can certainly try to answer that

1660
01:02:55,349 --> 01:02:52,400
question um

1661
01:02:57,349 --> 01:02:55,359
so you know we've we've really since the

1662
01:03:00,789 --> 01:02:57,359
viking days really tried to take a very

1663
01:03:03,190 --> 01:03:00,799
methodical approach to how we go about

1664
01:03:05,190 --> 01:03:03,200
trying to ask the questions

1665
01:03:08,069 --> 01:03:05,200
about whether or not life might exist

1666
01:03:10,230 --> 01:03:08,079
someplace on another planet or another

1667
01:03:12,549 --> 01:03:10,240
location besides earth

1668
01:03:14,230 --> 01:03:12,559
we've taken a very very uh

1669
01:03:16,390 --> 01:03:14,240
as i said methodical approach first

1670
01:03:18,549 --> 01:03:16,400
starting with trying to follow the water

1671
01:03:20,390 --> 01:03:18,559
on mars trying to understand

1672
01:03:22,549 --> 01:03:20,400
just what the environments were like on

1673
01:03:24,950 --> 01:03:22,559
mars in the past and today and that

1674
01:03:25,750 --> 01:03:24,960
evolution over time trying to understand

1675
01:03:27,670 --> 01:03:25,760
just

1676
01:03:29,589 --> 01:03:27,680
when the water was present in what

1677
01:03:30,630 --> 01:03:29,599
quantities whether it was liquid on the

1678
01:03:32,710 --> 01:03:30,640
surface

1679
01:03:33,750 --> 01:03:32,720
uh was it acidic was it a

1680
01:03:37,430 --> 01:03:33,760
more

1681
01:03:38,630 --> 01:03:37,440
conducive or similar to the types of

1682
01:03:40,230 --> 01:03:38,640
water we have on earth that were

1683
01:03:41,670 --> 01:03:40,240
conducive to life

1684
01:03:43,349 --> 01:03:41,680
and we've done this we've taken these

1685
01:03:45,910 --> 01:03:43,359
steps we were able to identify that

1686
01:03:47,589 --> 01:03:45,920
water was present on on mars and then we

1687
01:03:49,750 --> 01:03:47,599
took the next steps and says well let's

1688
01:03:51,349 --> 01:03:49,760
uh go to some places where

1689
01:03:53,589 --> 01:03:51,359
we believe water was present in the past

1690
01:03:54,549 --> 01:03:53,599
such as you know curiosity in gale

1691
01:03:57,270 --> 01:03:54,559
crater

1692
01:03:59,349 --> 01:03:57,280
able to identify looked for and identify

1693
01:04:01,190 --> 01:03:59,359
organic molecules that were present

1694
01:04:03,270 --> 01:04:01,200
looked for complex organic molecules

1695
01:04:05,109 --> 01:04:03,280
that could be the early building blocks

1696
01:04:07,190 --> 01:04:05,119
potentially of life

1697
01:04:09,910 --> 01:04:07,200
so again kind of a stepwise approach to

1698
01:04:12,710 --> 01:04:09,920
trying to best position ourselves

1699
01:04:15,109 --> 01:04:12,720
to to be prepared to look in the in the

1700
01:04:17,270 --> 01:04:15,119
best places we can uh

1701
01:04:18,789 --> 01:04:17,280
to try and uh find or look for those

1702
01:04:21,109 --> 01:04:18,799
signatures of where life might have

1703
01:04:23,670 --> 01:04:21,119
existed and all of those steps have

1704
01:04:26,069 --> 01:04:23,680
driven us and and uh had taken us to

1705
01:04:28,470 --> 01:04:26,079
this point that ken described which was

1706
01:04:29,270 --> 01:04:28,480
to identify jezreel crater as a place

1707
01:04:31,510 --> 01:04:29,280
where

1708
01:04:33,910 --> 01:04:31,520
we believe there was standing water in

1709
01:04:35,270 --> 01:04:33,920
the creature within the jezreel crater

1710
01:04:36,630 --> 01:04:35,280
and that there was actually river

1711
01:04:38,549 --> 01:04:36,640
flowing into that crater that would have

1712
01:04:41,430 --> 01:04:38,559
been depositing its sediments from a

1713
01:04:43,190 --> 01:04:41,440
large catchment area and that if life

1714
01:04:45,190 --> 01:04:43,200
had started to form three and a half

1715
01:04:47,670 --> 01:04:45,200
billion years ago as it was beginning to

1716
01:04:49,670 --> 01:04:47,680
form on earth same time frame

1717
01:04:51,670 --> 01:04:49,680
if it was happening at that time there's

1718
01:04:54,069 --> 01:04:51,680
a very high probability that if it were

1719
01:04:55,750 --> 01:04:54,079
there it should have been contained in

1720
01:04:58,470 --> 01:04:55,760
those sediments and could potentially

1721
01:05:00,789 --> 01:04:58,480
have been deposited in the deposit there

1722
01:05:02,309 --> 01:05:00,799
uh in the river delta that's inside

1723
01:05:04,390 --> 01:05:02,319
jezreel crater

1724
01:05:07,270 --> 01:05:04,400
and so we feel like we've positioned

1725
01:05:08,789 --> 01:05:07,280
ourselves in a as best

1726
01:05:10,069 --> 01:05:08,799
place as we can with the information

1727
01:05:11,190 --> 01:05:10,079
that we have

1728
01:05:12,870 --> 01:05:11,200
to look

1729
01:05:13,910 --> 01:05:12,880
in the best spot that we know is

1730
01:05:16,069 --> 01:05:13,920
available

1731
01:05:18,470 --> 01:05:16,079
and again as ken says

1732
01:05:19,430 --> 01:05:18,480
there's a a chance that we may not find

1733
01:05:21,349 --> 01:05:19,440
it there

1734
01:05:23,430 --> 01:05:21,359
but that's an important science

1735
01:05:25,349 --> 01:05:23,440
discovery in and of itself and there's

1736
01:05:27,109 --> 01:05:25,359
certainly many many other

1737
01:05:29,430 --> 01:05:27,119
incredibly important science questions

1738
01:05:31,910 --> 01:05:29,440
to answer at mars beyond

1739
01:05:34,390 --> 01:05:31,920
just uh just the astrobiology questions

1740
01:05:36,470 --> 01:05:34,400
just trying to understand how planets

1741
01:05:38,710 --> 01:05:36,480
form how they evolve over time

1742
01:05:40,309 --> 01:05:38,720
how their climates change over time and

1743
01:05:43,029 --> 01:05:40,319
so i think you know mars is an

1744
01:05:45,349 --> 01:05:43,039
incredibly compelling destination uh

1745
01:05:47,349 --> 01:05:45,359
for for many many reasons and i fully

1746
01:05:51,190 --> 01:05:47,359
expect uh us to continue that

1747
01:05:54,549 --> 01:05:51,200
exploration uh well into the future

1748
01:05:57,029 --> 01:05:54,559
thank you lori up next is keith cohen

1749
01:05:58,390 --> 01:05:57,039
from nasa watch

1750
01:05:59,829 --> 01:05:58,400
hi can you hear me

1751
01:06:01,589 --> 01:05:59,839
yes we can

1752
01:06:02,950 --> 01:06:01,599
uh okay my question should be addressed

1753
01:06:04,870 --> 01:06:02,960
to some people who are not present on

1754
01:06:07,109 --> 01:06:04,880
this panel so i'm going to uh direct it

1755
01:06:09,190 --> 01:06:07,119
to doctors of broken instead

1756
01:06:11,430 --> 01:06:09,200
the mars 2020 mission involves the

1757
01:06:13,270 --> 01:06:11,440
flight of the ingenuity helicopter drone

1758
01:06:14,870 --> 01:06:13,280
which is a joint effort by the science

1759
01:06:16,710 --> 01:06:14,880
mission director the aeronautics

1760
01:06:18,870 --> 01:06:16,720
research mission directorate and the

1761
01:06:20,230 --> 01:06:18,880
space technology mission directorate we

1762
01:06:21,750 --> 01:06:20,240
just heard a quote from the new vice

1763
01:06:23,349 --> 01:06:21,760
president and you know i'm wondering at

1764
01:06:25,510 --> 01:06:23,359
a time when this new administration

1765
01:06:27,270 --> 01:06:25,520
talks about a quote whole government

1766
01:06:29,670 --> 01:06:27,280
approach one would think that the whole

1767
01:06:31,190 --> 01:06:29,680
of nasa would be using their various

1768
01:06:33,349 --> 01:06:31,200
outreach tools to talk about this

1769
01:06:34,309 --> 01:06:33,359
helicopter and the overall mission yet

1770
01:06:35,829 --> 01:06:34,319
you don't hear anything from the

1771
01:06:38,789 --> 01:06:35,839
aeronautics or technology mission

1772
01:06:40,309 --> 01:06:38,799
directorates uh and and their audiences

1773
01:06:41,910 --> 01:06:40,319
aren't hearing about this this is a

1774
01:06:43,829 --> 01:06:41,920
little odd since this rover and its

1775
01:06:46,309 --> 01:06:43,839
helicopter have relevance to virtually

1776
01:06:47,670 --> 01:06:46,319
everything nasa does and applicabilities

1777
01:06:50,150 --> 01:06:47,680
of things in many people's everyday

1778
01:06:51,990 --> 01:06:50,160
lives so why isn't the whole of nasa

1779
01:06:58,870 --> 01:06:52,000
doing their best to highlight the

1780
01:07:02,950 --> 01:07:00,309
hey thanks so much keith for the

1781
01:07:04,950 --> 01:07:02,960
question uh as always you're one of the

1782
01:07:07,990 --> 01:07:04,960
best experts at looking at how we

1783
01:07:10,230 --> 01:07:08,000
communicate and uh also uh helping us

1784
01:07:12,470 --> 01:07:10,240
kind of identify places where in fact we

1785
01:07:14,950 --> 01:07:12,480
can get better but let me just uh talk

1786
01:07:17,750 --> 01:07:14,960
about this experiment this is a whole of

1787
01:07:19,270 --> 01:07:17,760
nasa hall of government kind of approach

1788
01:07:21,589 --> 01:07:19,280
there's never been

1789
01:07:23,990 --> 01:07:21,599
uh you know a rover that was developed

1790
01:07:25,829 --> 01:07:24,000
with all the parts of nasa really being

1791
01:07:28,870 --> 01:07:25,839
involved i think matt already told us

1792
01:07:30,630 --> 01:07:28,880
that uh experts from all these domains

1793
01:07:33,750 --> 01:07:30,640
were actively present and that includes

1794
01:07:35,589 --> 01:07:33,760
aeronautics uh the space tech uh people

1795
01:07:37,270 --> 01:07:35,599
you know uh you know looking at medley

1796
01:07:39,349 --> 01:07:37,280
also an experiment on the way down

1797
01:07:42,230 --> 01:07:39,359
looking at anti-descendant landing and

1798
01:07:43,589 --> 01:07:42,240
discovering science uh there and then of

1799
01:07:45,349 --> 01:07:43,599
course on human exploration with

1800
01:07:48,230 --> 01:07:45,359
democracy experiment that was being

1801
01:07:50,390 --> 01:07:48,240
talked about and of course uh signed so

1802
01:07:52,230 --> 01:07:50,400
it is really has the characteristics

1803
01:07:54,390 --> 01:07:52,240
that you just talked about

1804
01:07:56,230 --> 01:07:54,400
and it's also true i met with both

1805
01:07:57,990 --> 01:07:56,240
associate administrators both the one

1806
01:08:00,069 --> 01:07:58,000
from space tech and

1807
01:08:02,069 --> 01:08:00,079
from uh aeronautics this morning

1808
01:08:03,750 --> 01:08:02,079
precisely on this point because i just

1809
01:08:05,750 --> 01:08:03,760
really believe it's just a huge

1810
01:08:07,990 --> 01:08:05,760
opportunity for us and uh there's

1811
01:08:10,390 --> 01:08:08,000
tremendous excitement on all of these

1812
01:08:12,150 --> 01:08:10,400
and and this will not stop with this one

1813
01:08:14,950 --> 01:08:12,160
uh look at dragonfly that we're

1814
01:08:17,829 --> 01:08:14,960
developing going to titan another flying

1815
01:08:20,950 --> 01:08:17,839
object look at other destinations that

1816
01:08:22,709 --> 01:08:20,960
are under consideration and uh as we go

1817
01:08:24,550 --> 01:08:22,719
forward you know there's kind of whole

1818
01:08:26,470 --> 01:08:24,560
of nasa a whole of government approach

1819
01:08:28,229 --> 01:08:26,480
just like we are modeling here in this

1820
01:08:30,229 --> 01:08:28,239
particular vehicle it's really an

1821
01:08:33,189 --> 01:08:30,239
overarching theme of what you're going

1822
01:08:35,990 --> 01:08:33,199
to see in communications across and yes

1823
01:08:38,309 --> 01:08:36,000
as we go forward kind of uh we'll going

1824
01:08:40,390 --> 01:08:38,319
to be uh excited to kind of learn from

1825
01:08:42,630 --> 01:08:40,400
each other and you know i do the same as

1826
01:08:44,630 --> 01:08:42,640
i look at our breakthroughs and space

1827
01:08:47,110 --> 01:08:44,640
tech trying to really cheer from our

1828
01:08:49,430 --> 01:08:47,120
accounts in science the same way because

1829
01:08:51,030 --> 01:08:49,440
we are really on the same team so thanks

1830
01:08:53,829 --> 01:08:51,040
for that uh yes

1831
01:08:55,590 --> 01:08:53,839
it's truly like you said uh hall of naza

1832
01:08:59,349 --> 01:08:55,600
hall of government mission like there

1833
01:09:01,269 --> 01:08:59,359
has never really been uh before

1834
01:09:03,829 --> 01:09:01,279
thank you and now we have a social media

1835
01:09:06,390 --> 01:09:03,839
question tammy on twitter asks

1836
01:09:09,349 --> 01:09:06,400
how do you land perseverance on a 45

1837
01:09:11,110 --> 01:09:09,359
kilometer spot when mars is rotating how

1838
01:09:13,510 --> 01:09:11,120
do you get it to the right side of mars

1839
01:09:15,829 --> 01:09:13,520
facing you to land

1840
01:09:17,269 --> 01:09:15,839
i guess i should take that one um yeah

1841
01:09:18,950 --> 01:09:17,279
it's a little tricky right i mean it's

1842
01:09:20,149 --> 01:09:18,960
uh we have to go a long way and then put

1843
01:09:21,349 --> 01:09:20,159
the spacecraft in the position to

1844
01:09:23,590 --> 01:09:21,359
succeed

1845
01:09:24,870 --> 01:09:23,600
um not quite sure what the best way to

1846
01:09:26,630 --> 01:09:24,880
answer your particular question is

1847
01:09:28,149 --> 01:09:26,640
except to say that there's a we're

1848
01:09:30,550 --> 01:09:28,159
essentially targeting a particular

1849
01:09:32,229 --> 01:09:30,560
position for mars to kind of hit us

1850
01:09:34,229 --> 01:09:32,239
we're really throwing our vehicle up in

1851
01:09:36,709 --> 01:09:34,239
front of mars and letting mars run into

1852
01:09:37,990 --> 01:09:36,719
us and that's how we uh we target the

1853
01:09:39,510 --> 01:09:38,000
the position that we're trying to come

1854
01:09:41,430 --> 01:09:39,520
and enter in from

1855
01:09:43,030 --> 01:09:41,440
once from that position on really the

1856
01:09:44,309 --> 01:09:43,040
spacecraft's on our own to fly out where

1857
01:09:45,749 --> 01:09:44,319
we're trying to go

1858
01:09:47,669 --> 01:09:45,759
and that's where we use its initial

1859
01:09:49,030 --> 01:09:47,679
guess of where we were when we came in

1860
01:09:50,070 --> 01:09:49,040
those parameter updates i talked about

1861
01:09:51,590 --> 01:09:50,080
earlier

1862
01:09:53,510 --> 01:09:51,600
and then it'll fly its way based on that

1863
01:09:55,830 --> 01:09:53,520
information until it determines where it

1864
01:09:57,590 --> 01:09:55,840
is relative to the ground using train

1865
01:09:59,669 --> 01:09:57,600
melted navigation and radar while on

1866
01:10:01,830 --> 01:09:59,679
parachute that's how i can really figure

1867
01:10:03,990 --> 01:10:01,840
out where exactly it is and then target

1868
01:10:06,630 --> 01:10:04,000
a nearby safe spot to fly to with the

1869
01:10:08,630 --> 01:10:06,640
rockets during powered flight

1870
01:10:11,110 --> 01:10:08,640
thanks for answering al and up next on

1871
01:10:13,510 --> 01:10:11,120
the phone lines is robert holtz from

1872
01:10:15,270 --> 01:10:13,520
wall street journal

1873
01:10:16,790 --> 01:10:15,280
thank you can you hear me all right yes

1874
01:10:19,270 --> 01:10:16,800
we can

1875
01:10:22,630 --> 01:10:19,280
super uh this i guess is a question for

1876
01:10:25,350 --> 01:10:22,640
uh thomas and laurie i would like uh for

1877
01:10:28,390 --> 01:10:25,360
you to step back for a moment your bit

1878
01:10:30,709 --> 01:10:28,400
you this is of course the astrobiology

1879
01:10:31,910 --> 01:10:30,719
mission i'd like you to help my readers

1880
01:10:34,790 --> 01:10:31,920
understand

1881
01:10:37,030 --> 01:10:34,800
how this sits in the broader context of

1882
01:10:39,270 --> 01:10:37,040
the question of astrobiology

1883
01:10:42,149 --> 01:10:39,280
in our solar system and the other

1884
01:10:46,470 --> 01:10:42,159
potentials clouds of venus frozen oceans

1885
01:10:51,830 --> 01:10:46,480
of europa titan what what is the

1886
01:10:56,229 --> 01:10:53,750
i'm going to start and then i really

1887
01:10:58,630 --> 01:10:56,239
want lori to talk about this

1888
01:11:00,310 --> 01:10:58,640
and that is that i really do believe and

1889
01:11:02,470 --> 01:11:00,320
i think we're totally in agreement in

1890
01:11:05,270 --> 01:11:02,480
all of science that astrobiology is one

1891
01:11:07,350 --> 01:11:05,280
of the key topics in all of science that

1892
01:11:09,669 --> 01:11:07,360
is currently at the heart of what we're

1893
01:11:11,350 --> 01:11:09,679
doing it's a it's a field where the

1894
01:11:14,070 --> 01:11:11,360
progress is occurring at the speed

1895
01:11:16,790 --> 01:11:14,080
that's frankly breathtaking uh it is

1896
01:11:18,790 --> 01:11:16,800
uh what we know today and compared to 20

1897
01:11:20,149 --> 01:11:18,800
years ago is just incredible what we've

1898
01:11:21,350 --> 01:11:20,159
learned we talked about some of these

1899
01:11:22,950 --> 01:11:21,360
things on

1900
01:11:25,350 --> 01:11:22,960
mars we could have similar discussions

1901
01:11:27,590 --> 01:11:25,360
about enceladus about europa we could

1902
01:11:29,189 --> 01:11:27,600
have discussions about asteroids we

1903
01:11:31,590 --> 01:11:29,199
could just have discussions about

1904
01:11:33,990 --> 01:11:31,600
exoplanets and we could have discussions

1905
01:11:35,590 --> 01:11:34,000
about biology where breakthroughs have

1906
01:11:37,189 --> 01:11:35,600
occurred in the meantime

1907
01:11:39,350 --> 01:11:37,199
so for us

1908
01:11:41,430 --> 01:11:39,360
the benefit we have with nasa is we

1909
01:11:43,350 --> 01:11:41,440
actually have the ability using various

1910
01:11:45,910 --> 01:11:43,360
tools to do some of these experiments in

1911
01:11:48,070 --> 01:11:45,920
parallel and therefore not blame against

1912
01:11:50,630 --> 01:11:48,080
each other and so i'm just excited that

1913
01:11:53,030 --> 01:11:50,640
we're of course developing a mission to

1914
01:11:55,270 --> 01:11:53,040
europa and many other

1915
01:11:57,750 --> 01:11:55,280
approaches that we're looking at in

1916
01:11:59,590 --> 01:11:57,760
parallel including also

1917
01:12:01,590 --> 01:11:59,600
researchers from heliophysics for

1918
01:12:03,910 --> 01:12:01,600
example looking at the effects of

1919
01:12:06,390 --> 01:12:03,920
magnetic fields on the stability of

1920
01:12:10,310 --> 01:12:06,400
atmospheres and so forth but lori please

1921
01:12:12,390 --> 01:12:10,320
take it from here sure um so i actually

1922
01:12:14,470 --> 01:12:12,400
really love this question because you

1923
01:12:16,470 --> 01:12:14,480
know as thomas says we are uh looking

1924
01:12:18,470 --> 01:12:16,480
across the solar system and even beyond

1925
01:12:20,830 --> 01:12:18,480
into the exoplanets trying to think

1926
01:12:22,630 --> 01:12:20,840
about astrobiology from a much broader

1927
01:12:24,149 --> 01:12:22,640
perspective of

1928
01:12:25,669 --> 01:12:24,159
what are all the different potential

1929
01:12:27,830 --> 01:12:25,679
places where we should and could be

1930
01:12:30,390 --> 01:12:27,840
looking for potentially

1931
01:12:32,709 --> 01:12:30,400
signs of past life or current life

1932
01:12:35,030 --> 01:12:32,719
and of course mars fits nicely into that

1933
01:12:37,430 --> 01:12:35,040
context as a place that is

1934
01:12:39,510 --> 01:12:37,440
fairly quick to get to it's a it's an

1935
01:12:41,110 --> 01:12:39,520
easy round you know easy place to get to

1936
01:12:43,110 --> 01:12:41,120
uh we've we've got lots of practice

1937
01:12:44,709 --> 01:12:43,120
getting there not to say that it's easy

1938
01:12:45,750 --> 01:12:44,719
but just that we've got lots of practice

1939
01:12:47,669 --> 01:12:45,760
getting there

1940
01:12:50,149 --> 01:12:47,679
and we've done a lot of work over the

1941
01:12:52,310 --> 01:12:50,159
last uh 20 years in uh in the mars

1942
01:12:54,709 --> 01:12:52,320
exploration program of really uh setting

1943
01:12:56,550 --> 01:12:54,719
the groundwork for for knowing exactly

1944
01:12:58,790 --> 01:12:56,560
where we want to go and at the kinds of

1945
01:13:00,310 --> 01:12:58,800
questions we want to ask but as thomas

1946
01:13:02,390 --> 01:13:00,320
just said there's there's many other

1947
01:13:05,430 --> 01:13:02,400
places that we're exploring in parallel

1948
01:13:07,189 --> 01:13:05,440
that also have a lot of potential for

1949
01:13:08,950 --> 01:13:07,199
for maybe also feeding into those

1950
01:13:11,510 --> 01:13:08,960
questions of what types of habitable

1951
01:13:14,310 --> 01:13:11,520
environments could uh maybe even still

1952
01:13:15,750 --> 01:13:14,320
host life today thomas mentioned europa

1953
01:13:18,149 --> 01:13:15,760
you know we have a mission that's being

1954
01:13:19,590 --> 01:13:18,159
planned now to launch to europa in in

1955
01:13:21,110 --> 01:13:19,600
2024

1956
01:13:23,189 --> 01:13:21,120
that's going to map out the surface of

1957
01:13:25,430 --> 01:13:23,199
europa and help us better understand how

1958
01:13:27,110 --> 01:13:25,440
thick is the ice shell and and is there

1959
01:13:29,110 --> 01:13:27,120
potentially uh

1960
01:13:31,030 --> 01:13:29,120
the ocean beneath that might sustain a

1961
01:13:32,630 --> 01:13:31,040
life and other destinations like titan

1962
01:13:34,790 --> 01:13:32,640
which the dragonfly mission we talked

1963
01:13:37,910 --> 01:13:34,800
about uh just a little bit ago is going

1964
01:13:40,790 --> 01:13:37,920
to fly a rotorcraft to the moon of

1965
01:13:43,430 --> 01:13:40,800
saturn titan also looking for organic

1966
01:13:44,470 --> 01:13:43,440
molecules and and potentially

1967
01:13:46,790 --> 01:13:44,480
environments that could have been

1968
01:13:48,550 --> 01:13:46,800
habitable at some point in time

1969
01:13:50,870 --> 01:13:48,560
and so all of these efforts are going on

1970
01:13:53,110 --> 01:13:50,880
in parallel really each one different

1971
01:13:55,270 --> 01:13:53,120
types of environments all trying to

1972
01:13:56,870 --> 01:13:55,280
answer those important questions about

1973
01:13:59,030 --> 01:13:56,880
what types of environments could host

1974
01:14:02,550 --> 01:13:59,040
life and what environments may even

1975
01:14:08,390 --> 01:14:05,270
thank you we now have jonathan amos from

1976
01:14:11,110 --> 01:14:08,400
bbc london on the phone

1977
01:14:13,189 --> 01:14:11,120
hi thanks uh for doing uh this i was

1978
01:14:14,870 --> 01:14:13,199
just looking back at my reports from the

1979
01:14:16,470 --> 01:14:14,880
curiosity landing

1980
01:14:18,790 --> 01:14:16,480
and i think the post landing analysis

1981
01:14:21,030 --> 01:14:18,800
showed the rover came down about a mile

1982
01:14:23,110 --> 01:14:21,040
from the notional bullseye and i'm

1983
01:14:25,350 --> 01:14:23,120
wondering if you'd had range trigger and

1984
01:14:27,189 --> 01:14:25,360
terrain relative navigation back then

1985
01:14:28,630 --> 01:14:27,199
how much of that error could have been

1986
01:14:31,030 --> 01:14:28,640
reduced i'm just trying to get a sense

1987
01:14:33,430 --> 01:14:31,040
of how much more accurate perseverance

1988
01:14:35,430 --> 01:14:33,440
will be and also for curiosity's landing

1989
01:14:38,310 --> 01:14:35,440
you drew up a grid system for gale

1990
01:14:40,229 --> 01:14:38,320
crater and named each square in the grid

1991
01:14:42,070 --> 01:14:40,239
now wondering what the name is that

1992
01:14:45,189 --> 01:14:42,080
you've given to the notional bullseye

1993
01:14:46,550 --> 01:14:45,199
square in the perseverance grid

1994
01:14:47,830 --> 01:14:46,560
i guess i'll take the first part of that

1995
01:14:49,350 --> 01:14:47,840
uh it sounded like you were talking

1996
01:14:51,189 --> 01:14:49,360
about the uh the fact that we actually

1997
01:14:53,110 --> 01:14:51,199
overshot just a little bit i'm still

1998
01:14:55,750 --> 01:14:53,120
well within our lips but uh overshot a

1999
01:14:57,669 --> 01:14:55,760
little bit on curiosity in fact uh

2000
01:14:59,990 --> 01:14:57,679
curiosity actually knew at parachute

2001
01:15:01,910 --> 01:15:00,000
deploy that it was a little bit past the

2002
01:15:03,350 --> 01:15:01,920
intended parachute deployed target but

2003
01:15:05,510 --> 01:15:03,360
it was programmed to just deploy the

2004
01:15:06,709 --> 01:15:05,520
parachute when it hit a certain velocity

2005
01:15:08,310 --> 01:15:06,719
that's what's different this time with

2006
01:15:10,149 --> 01:15:08,320
range trigger is that once we're in a

2007
01:15:12,550 --> 01:15:10,159
safe velocity range to deploy the

2008
01:15:14,709 --> 01:15:12,560
parachute it'll look at where it is the

2009
01:15:15,830 --> 01:15:14,719
range and decide whether it needs to

2010
01:15:17,830 --> 01:15:15,840
wait a little bit longer to play the

2011
01:15:20,470 --> 01:15:17,840
parachute or it's hit the right place

2012
01:15:22,310 --> 01:15:20,480
so if we had range trigger on on

2013
01:15:24,390 --> 01:15:22,320
curiosity we would have flown we would

2014
01:15:27,990 --> 01:15:24,400
have been able to eliminate a large part

2015
01:15:29,430 --> 01:15:28,000
of that error that we saw at touchdown

2016
01:15:31,750 --> 01:15:29,440
so i guess the next question was the

2017
01:15:33,669 --> 01:15:31,760
what's the bullseye named these days

2018
01:15:35,270 --> 01:15:33,679
i'll toss it over to ken yeah let me

2019
01:15:37,669 --> 01:15:35,280
help if you're not familiar with this

2020
01:15:39,590 --> 01:15:37,679
the scientists uh choose names for all

2021
01:15:41,669 --> 01:15:39,600
of their targets

2022
01:15:43,189 --> 01:15:41,679
that we study from the rover

2023
01:15:45,189 --> 01:15:43,199
we have a list of names and they are

2024
01:15:47,030 --> 01:15:45,199
actually pulled off of existing

2025
01:15:49,270 --> 01:15:47,040
terrestrial maps

2026
01:15:51,270 --> 01:15:49,280
and we are following a protocol where

2027
01:15:53,270 --> 01:15:51,280
our names will come from national parks

2028
01:15:55,830 --> 01:15:53,280
and preserves around the world

2029
01:15:59,669 --> 01:15:55,840
and i believe the most likely place we

2030
01:16:01,270 --> 01:15:59,679
will land is called tamanfaya which is a

2031
01:16:04,390 --> 01:16:01,280
national park in spain i think it's in

2032
01:16:08,229 --> 01:16:06,229
thank you alan ken up next we have a

2033
01:16:10,709 --> 01:16:08,239
social media question briny i think this

2034
01:16:12,149 --> 01:16:10,719
could be for you an average american on

2035
01:16:13,910 --> 01:16:12,159
youtube asks

2036
01:16:16,310 --> 01:16:13,920
are you going to study the surface of

2037
01:16:18,390 --> 01:16:16,320
mars i heard there might be water down

2038
01:16:20,950 --> 01:16:18,400
there

2039
01:16:23,270 --> 01:16:20,960
that's a great question yeah so you know

2040
01:16:24,950 --> 01:16:23,280
we're looking for signs of ancient water

2041
01:16:27,030 --> 01:16:24,960
mostly on mars you know whether or not

2042
01:16:28,470 --> 01:16:27,040
there's lots of water liquid water on

2043
01:16:30,390 --> 01:16:28,480
the surface today is still an open

2044
01:16:31,510 --> 01:16:30,400
question when we're trying to understand

2045
01:16:33,270 --> 01:16:31,520
you know in terms of

2046
01:16:35,270 --> 01:16:33,280
understanding modern habitability but as

2047
01:16:36,630 --> 01:16:35,280
you know ken talked about earlier this

2048
01:16:39,110 --> 01:16:36,640
mission is really about looking for

2049
01:16:40,390 --> 01:16:39,120
signs of ancient water and we know from

2050
01:16:41,830 --> 01:16:40,400
all the missions that have come before

2051
01:16:44,070 --> 01:16:41,840
this that there was lots and lots of

2052
01:16:45,189 --> 01:16:44,080
water on ancient mars billions of years

2053
01:16:46,870 --> 01:16:45,199
ago and so that's really what we're

2054
01:16:49,030 --> 01:16:46,880
targeting is things that could have

2055
01:16:51,590 --> 01:16:49,040
lived in this those ancient watery

2056
01:16:53,110 --> 01:16:51,600
environments

2057
01:16:57,669 --> 01:16:53,120
thank you now we have the phone lines

2058
01:16:59,590 --> 01:16:57,679
open again to jeff faust from space news

2059
01:17:01,750 --> 01:16:59,600
uh good afternoon a question i think

2060
01:17:05,030 --> 01:17:01,760
probably for al chen i'm curious what

2061
01:17:07,510 --> 01:17:05,040
sort of telemetry you're getting back in

2062
01:17:09,590 --> 01:17:07,520
real time effectively during

2063
01:17:11,110 --> 01:17:09,600
entry descent and landing itself

2064
01:17:13,189 --> 01:17:11,120
you talked about having a lot of these

2065
01:17:14,870 --> 01:17:13,199
cameras on various parts of the

2066
01:17:17,189 --> 01:17:14,880
spacecraft during renter i'm curious how

2067
01:17:20,630 --> 01:17:17,199
much of that you'll be getting be able

2068
01:17:23,430 --> 01:17:20,640
to see live in effect as it lands and a

2069
01:17:24,790 --> 01:17:23,440
related question is

2070
01:17:26,870 --> 01:17:24,800
during previous landings some of the

2071
01:17:29,510 --> 01:17:26,880
most iconic scenes were in mission

2072
01:17:31,830 --> 01:17:29,520
control the celebrations during

2073
01:17:33,590 --> 01:17:31,840
successful landings i suspect with kobe

2074
01:17:35,189 --> 01:17:33,600
that's going to be a different uh scene

2075
01:17:37,350 --> 01:17:35,199
there i'm curious uh

2076
01:17:39,189 --> 01:17:37,360
how different mission control will look

2077
01:17:41,270 --> 01:17:39,199
for perseverance's landing versus

2078
01:17:43,110 --> 01:17:41,280
previous landing thanks

2079
01:17:44,390 --> 01:17:43,120
okay i think i could take those now

2080
01:17:46,229 --> 01:17:44,400
let's see uh the first question was

2081
01:17:47,750 --> 01:17:46,239
about edl communications and what we'll

2082
01:17:49,510 --> 01:17:47,760
have in real time

2083
01:17:51,430 --> 01:17:49,520
much like curiosity we are sending some

2084
01:17:53,750 --> 01:17:51,440
signals directly back to earth

2085
01:17:55,830 --> 01:17:53,760
those are what we call x-band tones you

2086
01:17:58,390 --> 01:17:55,840
can think of it like a piano with 256

2087
01:17:59,910 --> 01:17:58,400
keys and we use each of those keys to

2088
01:18:01,590 --> 01:17:59,920
mean something different

2089
01:18:03,910 --> 01:18:01,600
so we'll be have we'll have those uh

2090
01:18:05,910 --> 01:18:03,920
pretty much throughout edl until about a

2091
01:18:07,750 --> 01:18:05,920
minute before touchdown about uh time

2092
01:18:09,990 --> 01:18:07,760
right before or right after back shell

2093
01:18:12,229 --> 01:18:10,000
separation unfortunately then uh based

2094
01:18:14,550 --> 01:18:12,239
on the geometry earth will likely set

2095
01:18:17,350 --> 01:18:14,560
below the horizon of what the spacecraft

2096
01:18:19,350 --> 01:18:17,360
can see from mars so we'll have toned

2097
01:18:21,189 --> 01:18:19,360
those tones up to about a minute before

2098
01:18:23,110 --> 01:18:21,199
touchdown or so

2099
01:18:25,750 --> 01:18:23,120
second we have a telemetry coming

2100
01:18:27,669 --> 01:18:25,760
through the mars reconnaissance orbiter

2101
01:18:29,910 --> 01:18:27,679
that team has actually managed to update

2102
01:18:32,070 --> 01:18:29,920
their software so that they can support

2103
01:18:34,229 --> 01:18:32,080
what we call bent pipe communications so

2104
01:18:35,110 --> 01:18:34,239
we can send telemetry back from

2105
01:18:38,070 --> 01:18:35,120
uh

2106
01:18:39,430 --> 01:18:38,080
from perseverance through mro to earth

2107
01:18:41,669 --> 01:18:39,440
in real time there's a little bit of

2108
01:18:43,669 --> 01:18:41,679
latency but not a lot of latency

2109
01:18:45,030 --> 01:18:43,679
unfortunately that the rate that we can

2110
01:18:46,550 --> 01:18:45,040
support there is only about eight

2111
01:18:49,110 --> 01:18:46,560
kilobits per second

2112
01:18:50,950 --> 01:18:49,120
um which uh if you had dial up like me

2113
01:18:52,630 --> 01:18:50,960
i'm dating myself a little bit but uh

2114
01:18:55,270 --> 01:18:52,640
it's really slow it's pretty it's slower

2115
01:18:56,950 --> 01:18:55,280
than most style that folks had so we

2116
01:18:59,350 --> 01:18:56,960
will not be able to send things like

2117
01:19:01,350 --> 01:18:59,360
camera data or microphone data in real

2118
01:19:03,270 --> 01:19:01,360
time we'll have to send that all after

2119
01:19:04,709 --> 01:19:03,280
we land

2120
01:19:06,550 --> 01:19:04,719
i think the next part of your question

2121
01:19:08,550 --> 01:19:06,560
was uh what what mission control will

2122
01:19:10,149 --> 01:19:08,560
look like at landing

2123
01:19:11,990 --> 01:19:10,159
as you surprised right the uh the

2124
01:19:13,510 --> 01:19:12,000
coveted considerations of course make

2125
01:19:15,030 --> 01:19:13,520
sure uh mean that we have to follow

2126
01:19:16,790 --> 01:19:15,040
various protocols as well to make sure

2127
01:19:17,990 --> 01:19:16,800
that we keep ourselves safe and keep

2128
01:19:20,070 --> 01:19:18,000
each other safe

2129
01:19:22,149 --> 01:19:20,080
um so the mission control area will

2130
01:19:24,550 --> 01:19:22,159
definitely be less densely packed than

2131
01:19:26,790 --> 01:19:24,560
it was for curiosity and certainly

2132
01:19:28,950 --> 01:19:26,800
you'll see us wearing all the productive

2133
01:19:30,149 --> 01:19:28,960
equipment and other

2134
01:19:32,149 --> 01:19:30,159
other pieces of equipment like these

2135
01:19:35,270 --> 01:19:32,159
dividers that will help us keep each

2136
01:19:38,870 --> 01:19:37,990
sorry i'll just uh i'll just add that

2137
01:19:41,189 --> 01:19:38,880
uh

2138
01:19:44,229 --> 01:19:41,199
you know like every workplace as al

2139
01:19:46,070 --> 01:19:44,239
mentioned we have to instigate uh those

2140
01:19:48,470 --> 01:19:46,080
those protective

2141
01:19:49,590 --> 01:19:48,480
uh protocols to keep keep each other

2142
01:19:51,030 --> 01:19:49,600
safe

2143
01:19:53,110 --> 01:19:51,040
but assuming

2144
01:19:55,750 --> 01:19:53,120
we do have confirmation you know of

2145
01:19:57,590 --> 01:19:55,760
landing i don't think kobut's going to

2146
01:19:59,669 --> 01:19:57,600
be able to stop us from jumping up and

2147
01:20:00,950 --> 01:19:59,679
down and fist pumping so you're going to

2148
01:20:03,990 --> 01:20:00,960
see a lot of

2149
01:20:08,070 --> 01:20:04,000
happy people no matter what uh once we

2150
01:20:13,030 --> 01:20:10,790
thank you up next is leonard david from

2151
01:20:15,350 --> 01:20:13,040
scientific american

2152
01:20:17,189 --> 01:20:15,360
yes can you hear me we can hear you

2153
01:20:18,550 --> 01:20:17,199
well great uh thanks so much for doing

2154
01:20:19,990 --> 01:20:18,560
this and uh

2155
01:20:22,550 --> 01:20:20,000
quite a team

2156
01:20:25,189 --> 01:20:22,560
right right team for the red planet

2157
01:20:28,229 --> 01:20:25,199
uh i'd like to jump ahead a bit

2158
01:20:33,350 --> 01:20:28,239
and talk about the samples coming back

2159
01:20:35,510 --> 01:20:33,360
perhaps 30 31 or i think 31

2160
01:20:38,070 --> 01:20:35,520
are we still talking about a containment

2161
01:20:45,189 --> 01:20:38,080
facility for all the

2162
01:20:49,669 --> 01:20:46,550
lori would you like to try to answer

2163
01:20:51,430 --> 01:20:49,679
that so i can i can take that one

2164
01:20:52,629 --> 01:20:51,440
yes i would yeah

2165
01:20:53,750 --> 01:20:52,639
thank you

2166
01:20:59,590 --> 01:20:53,760
um

2167
01:21:02,149 --> 01:20:59,600
in in bringing the samples back from

2168
01:21:04,470 --> 01:21:02,159
mars when we think about making sure

2169
01:21:06,709 --> 01:21:04,480
that we protect ourselves back here on

2170
01:21:08,629 --> 01:21:06,719
earth in the event that potentially

2171
01:21:10,070 --> 01:21:08,639
there might be something

2172
01:21:12,070 --> 01:21:10,080
contained in those samples that we'd

2173
01:21:14,229 --> 01:21:12,080
want to protect ourselves from

2174
01:21:15,350 --> 01:21:14,239
we are thinking about that in uh

2175
01:21:16,950 --> 01:21:15,360
we've been thinking about it for quite a

2176
01:21:18,310 --> 01:21:16,960
while we're all now creating a very

2177
01:21:20,790 --> 01:21:18,320
serious thought as we're really starting

2178
01:21:22,070 --> 01:21:20,800
to begin our endeavor for uh mars sample

2179
01:21:24,149 --> 01:21:22,080
return

2180
01:21:25,669 --> 01:21:24,159
and we are in fact in the process of

2181
01:21:27,669 --> 01:21:25,679
really evaluating and thinking about

2182
01:21:29,590 --> 01:21:27,679
exactly what type of facility would be

2183
01:21:32,470 --> 01:21:29,600
the best for containing those samples

2184
01:21:33,830 --> 01:21:32,480
when they when they come back to earth

2185
01:21:35,750 --> 01:21:33,840
there's still a lot of work to be done

2186
01:21:36,470 --> 01:21:35,760
on exactly what that looks like but we

2187
01:21:38,790 --> 01:21:36,480
are

2188
01:21:41,590 --> 01:21:38,800
you know there's a broad uh agency-wide

2189
01:21:43,270 --> 01:21:41,600
uh work effort going on there and we're

2190
01:21:45,189 --> 01:21:43,280
actually bringing in expertise from

2191
01:21:46,709 --> 01:21:45,199
other agencies as well to it to

2192
01:21:49,270 --> 01:21:46,719
understand exactly what type of

2193
01:21:50,790 --> 01:21:49,280
facilities uh would be best uh

2194
01:21:52,310 --> 01:21:50,800
for that purpose

2195
01:21:55,350 --> 01:21:52,320
but yes we are we're taking that very

2196
01:22:01,270 --> 01:21:56,470
thank you

2197
01:22:03,590 --> 01:22:01,280
from irish television

2198
01:22:06,470 --> 01:22:03,600
you would be completed

2199
01:22:07,750 --> 01:22:06,480
hello leo can you hear us

2200
01:22:17,030 --> 01:22:07,760
yup

2201
01:22:17,040 --> 01:22:21,430
all right leo

2202
01:22:27,189 --> 01:22:24,950
leo enright can you hear us yes i hear

2203
01:22:29,350 --> 01:22:27,199
you fine can you hear me yes it's your

2204
01:22:32,629 --> 01:22:29,360
turn for the question

2205
01:22:34,950 --> 01:22:32,639
thanks very much uh rockwell um this is

2206
01:22:37,830 --> 01:22:34,960
for al chen uh just following up on a

2207
01:22:40,950 --> 01:22:37,840
couple of questions are is there some

2208
01:22:44,390 --> 01:22:40,960
sort of hover time uh if the vehicle

2209
01:22:46,950 --> 01:22:44,400
arrives at a certain place after release

2210
01:22:49,750 --> 01:22:46,960
uh from the back shell can it do a neil

2211
01:22:52,550 --> 01:22:49,760
armstrong can it zip across the surface

2212
01:22:55,750 --> 01:22:52,560
for a few meters if it doesn't like what

2213
01:22:58,950 --> 01:22:55,760
it's seeing uh and i also have another

2214
01:23:02,470 --> 01:22:58,960
question uh for al if i made uh as a tv

2215
01:23:05,510 --> 01:23:02,480
guy could you tell us what can we expect

2216
01:23:08,550 --> 01:23:05,520
in terms of early pictures can you

2217
01:23:10,229 --> 01:23:08,560
please try in best case scenario what

2218
01:23:14,149 --> 01:23:10,239
what are you expecting in terms of

2219
01:23:16,070 --> 01:23:14,159
pictures uh in the moments after landing

2220
01:23:18,070 --> 01:23:16,080
okay so let me try those uh i think the

2221
01:23:19,189 --> 01:23:18,080
first question was about divert

2222
01:23:20,870 --> 01:23:19,199
as part of that terrain relative

2223
01:23:22,629 --> 01:23:20,880
navigation system we've added to the

2224
01:23:23,990 --> 01:23:22,639
system uh right after back shell

2225
01:23:25,990 --> 01:23:24,000
separation we do what's called safe

2226
01:23:27,910 --> 01:23:26,000
target selection so the vehicle will

2227
01:23:29,910 --> 01:23:27,920
actually try to figure out where is the

2228
01:23:32,229 --> 01:23:29,920
nearest reachable safest landing spot

2229
01:23:33,750 --> 01:23:32,239
that it can go to and then fly there so

2230
01:23:35,270 --> 01:23:33,760
that kind of is your neil armstrong

2231
01:23:37,350 --> 01:23:35,280
moment right there right after battle

2232
01:23:39,590 --> 01:23:37,360
separation it'll use its engines to fly

2233
01:23:41,910 --> 01:23:39,600
up to about 700 meters or so

2234
01:23:44,229 --> 01:23:41,920
to in search of the best possible place

2235
01:23:46,470 --> 01:23:44,239
that it can reach at that point

2236
01:23:48,149 --> 01:23:46,480
so that is uh your divert there now the

2237
01:23:50,870 --> 01:23:48,159
next question i think was about what we

2238
01:23:52,470 --> 01:23:50,880
expect to get back camera wise um after

2239
01:23:54,870 --> 01:23:52,480
touchdown much like we saw with

2240
01:23:55,910 --> 01:23:54,880
curiosity we are taking pictures after

2241
01:23:57,350 --> 01:23:55,920
touchdown

2242
01:23:59,189 --> 01:23:57,360
assuming we are still in communication

2243
01:24:01,350 --> 01:23:59,199
with mro at that time and our vent type

2244
01:24:03,669 --> 01:24:01,360
system is working we expect to get back

2245
01:24:05,750 --> 01:24:03,679
at least low resolution images uh from

2246
01:24:07,750 --> 01:24:05,760
the front and back taking a look at both

2247
01:24:09,669 --> 01:24:07,760
the front and back of the rover um out

2248
01:24:11,350 --> 01:24:09,679
from the front and back of the rover and

2249
01:24:13,430 --> 01:24:11,360
if we have enough time depending on

2250
01:24:14,709 --> 01:24:13,440
exactly what time we landed

2251
01:24:17,590 --> 01:24:14,719
and how much additional coverage we have

2252
01:24:19,669 --> 01:24:17,600
before mro sets below the horizon we

2253
01:24:21,669 --> 01:24:19,679
expect to get some of that data

2254
01:24:23,510 --> 01:24:21,679
some higher resolution versions of those

2255
01:24:25,830 --> 01:24:23,520
pictures as well

2256
01:24:27,510 --> 01:24:25,840
past that we are we have a data return

2257
01:24:29,110 --> 01:24:27,520
plan for getting back some of the data

2258
01:24:31,189 --> 01:24:29,120
from the entry descent landing camera

2259
01:24:32,470 --> 01:24:31,199
system that's the city all those cameras

2260
01:24:33,750 --> 01:24:32,480
that are taking pictures of all sorts of

2261
01:24:36,229 --> 01:24:33,760
stuff

2262
01:24:39,110 --> 01:24:36,239
we may in the best case scenario get a

2263
01:24:41,030 --> 01:24:39,120
little bit of a taste uh the next day uh

2264
01:24:43,750 --> 01:24:41,040
but more likely over the weekend since

2265
01:24:46,550 --> 01:24:43,760
we land on thursday we'll get a decent

2266
01:24:48,229 --> 01:24:46,560
chunk of those images not quite at the

2267
01:24:50,149 --> 01:24:48,239
full resolution not the full length by

2268
01:24:52,470 --> 01:24:50,159
any means since that's a lot of data but

2269
01:24:56,310 --> 01:24:52,480
at least a good uh a good first bite at

2270
01:25:00,149 --> 01:24:58,229
great thank you al we unfortunately

2271
01:25:02,149 --> 01:25:00,159
can't answer all of the media questions

2272
01:25:04,870 --> 01:25:02,159
on air for those of you with additional

2273
01:25:07,430 --> 01:25:04,880
questions please call jpl's digital news

2274
01:25:09,830 --> 01:25:07,440
and media office we'll also continue to

2275
01:25:11,750 --> 01:25:09,840
answer social media questions online

2276
01:25:13,669 --> 01:25:11,760
thank you for your questions and thank

2277
01:25:16,070 --> 01:25:13,679
you to our panelists for joining us

2278
01:25:18,790 --> 01:25:16,080
today perseverance is set to land on

2279
01:25:22,310 --> 01:25:18,800
mars on february 18th with commentary

2280
01:25:23,110 --> 01:25:22,320
beginning at 11 15 a.m pacific standard

2281
01:25:25,189 --> 01:25:23,120
time

2282
01:25:27,590 --> 01:25:25,199
and we are offering lots of ways to ride

2283
01:25:30,310 --> 01:25:27,600
along with us to join the virtual nasa

2284
01:25:31,830 --> 01:25:30,320
social and virtual guest events register

2285
01:25:33,990 --> 01:25:31,840
for the mission to mars student

2286
01:25:36,110 --> 01:25:34,000
challenge and live stream the mars

2287
01:25:37,830 --> 01:25:36,120
landing visit

2288
01:25:40,229 --> 01:25:37,840
go.nasa.gov

2289
01:25:42,070 --> 01:25:40,239
mars 2020 tool kit

2290
01:25:44,390 --> 01:25:42,080
for those of you interested in a deeper

2291
01:25:47,189 --> 01:25:44,400
dive we have a new press kit available

2292
01:25:49,110 --> 01:25:47,199
online too with lots of information and

2293
01:25:50,070 --> 01:25:49,120
graphics describing the rover and its

2294
01:25:51,910 --> 01:25:50,080
mission

2295
01:25:54,390 --> 01:25:51,920
there you'll also have a chance to sign

2296
01:25:56,870 --> 01:25:54,400
up to send your name to mars on nasa's

2297
01:25:59,830 --> 01:25:56,880
next flight to the red planet

2298
01:26:02,550 --> 01:25:59,840
and put yourself right into the action

2299
01:26:04,629 --> 01:26:02,560
with our perseverance photo booth you

2300
01:26:07,030 --> 01:26:04,639
can pose next to the rover place

2301
01:26:08,629 --> 01:26:07,040
yourself on our mission control and even

2302
01:26:10,310 --> 01:26:08,639
see what you might look like taking a

2303
01:26:14,870 --> 01:26:10,320
selfie on the red planet

2304
01:26:17,669 --> 01:26:14,880
again it's all available at go.nasa.gov

2305
01:26:19,830 --> 01:26:17,679
mars 2020 toolkit

2306
01:26:22,229 --> 01:26:19,840
if you're on social media join the

2307
01:26:23,750 --> 01:26:22,239
conversation with the mission on

2308
01:26:26,550 --> 01:26:23,760
facebook and twitter

2309
01:26:29,910 --> 01:26:26,560
follow at nasa persevere and use the